The Centre for Internet and Society
http://editors.cis-india.org
These are the search results for the query, showing results 31 to 45.
Tactical Media 3.0--FOSS: The Dynamics of Freedom
http://editors.cis-india.org/news/tactical-media-3.0-foss-the-dynamics-of-freedom
<b>CIS Executive Director Sunil Abraham will speak at 'Tactical Media 3.0--Foss: The Dynamics of Freedom', a workshop on techniques and philosophy of Free and Open Source Software, 27 July to 1 August, Jadavpur University, Kolkata. </b>
<p> <img class="image-inline image-inline" src="../advocacy/openness/Tactical_Media3.jpg/image_preview" alt="tactical" height="421" width="635" /></p>
<p>The Media Lab, Jadavpur University presents Tactical Media 3.0--FOSS: The Dynamics of Freedom, a workshop on techniques and philosophy of Free and Open Source Software<br /> July 27 – Aug 1, 2009, 3-30 to 7-30 pm, Vivekananda Hall</p>
<p><br />Free and Open Source software is one of the greatest tools in the hands of those who wish to challenge the notions of intellectual property (IP) and market-driven logics of human exchange. The Internet has opened up the space for a world-wide collective that believes in enriching each other’s lives through art and knowledge free from narrow conceptions of ownership and privilege. It has given rise to a new creativity on a global scale, from globally shared alternatives to profit-driven initiatives, towards a hope of re-inventing the commons in the 21st century.</p>
<p><br />Tactical Media 3.0 is the third chapter in the workshop series on Tactical Media. It will be dedicated to training in Linux-based tools and discussion on the philosophy, economics and politics of FOSS. The resource persons will be Prof. Nandinee Mukherjee and her colleagues from the (JU-FOSS Resource Centre), Jadavpur University, Sunil Abraham, (Director-Policy), Centre for Internet and Society, Bangalore, and Sri Dipankar Das, (Senior Lecturer, Jaipuria College), University of Calcutta.</p>
<p><br />For participation please send a CV and covering letter by July 23 to:</p>
<p><br />The Media Lab office (ph: 033-2414-6222), Subarna Jayanti Bhavan,</p>
<p>Jadavpur University (main campus)</p>
<p>or email <a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:medialabju@gmail.com">medialabju@gmail.com</a></p>
<p><br />Seats are limited. Selected candidates shall be charged a nominal fee of Rs. 300.</p>
<p>
For more details visit <a href='http://editors.cis-india.org/news/tactical-media-3.0-foss-the-dynamics-of-freedom'>http://editors.cis-india.org/news/tactical-media-3.0-foss-the-dynamics-of-freedom</a>
</p>
No publishersachiaOpenness2011-04-02T15:42:29ZNews Itemtactical
http://editors.cis-india.org/home-images/Tactical_Media3.jpg
<b></b>
<p>
For more details visit <a href='http://editors.cis-india.org/home-images/Tactical_Media3.jpg'>http://editors.cis-india.org/home-images/Tactical_Media3.jpg</a>
</p>
No publishersachia2011-09-07T12:04:47ZImagesoftware patent draft pranesh
http://editors.cis-india.org/openness/publications/software-patents/pranesh-software-patents-draft.ppt
<b></b>
<p>
For more details visit <a href='http://editors.cis-india.org/openness/publications/software-patents/pranesh-software-patents-draft.ppt'>http://editors.cis-india.org/openness/publications/software-patents/pranesh-software-patents-draft.ppt</a>
</p>
No publishersachia2009-03-30T10:22:25ZFilesessions
http://editors.cis-india.org/accessibility/publications/uploads/Sessions%20for%20the%20workshopv2.doc
<b></b>
<p>
For more details visit <a href='http://editors.cis-india.org/accessibility/publications/uploads/Sessions%20for%20the%20workshopv2.doc'>http://editors.cis-india.org/accessibility/publications/uploads/Sessions%20for%20the%20workshopv2.doc</a>
</p>
No publishersachia2009-02-04T14:25:23ZFileSeminar on Exceptions and Limitations in Copyright
http://editors.cis-india.org/accessibility/blog/seminar-on-exceptions-and-limitations-in-copyright
<b>This is a report on a seminar organised by the Department of Higher Education, Ministry of Human Resource Development, and Government of India on 14 and 15 May 2009, in Kochi, Kerala, to look at exceptions and limitations in copyright. Programme Manager Nirmita Narsimhan, of the Centre for Internet and Society, attended the seminar. </b>
<p></p>
<p>CIS Programme Manager Nirmita Narsimhan attended a seminar on exceptions and limitations in copyright, organised by the
Department of Higher Education, Ministry of Human Resource Development, and
Government of India on 14 and 15 May 2009, in Kochi, Kerala. The seminar was intended to bring up key issues affecting access to knowledge, which are to be taken up by the
Standing Committee on Copyright and Related Rights (SCCR) at the World Intellectual Property Organisation (WIPO) later this
month. Resource persons identified for different topics were eminent
scholars, academicians and practitioners across India. The seminar covered eight
topics. On each topic, a paper was presented by a resource person with commentary by
an expert in the field, after which there was an open discussion.</p>
<p>The first day
featured, amongst others, a paper presented by Lawrence Liang, Distinguished Fellow,
CIS. He spoke at length on the exceptions and limitations for education.</p>
<p>The
second day featured a paper by Mr. Madhukar Sinha, former Registrar of Copyright.
Mr. Sinha presented on the topic<a name="OLE_LINK7"></a> 'Use of works by visually impaired and other
miscellaneous exceptions of use of works under Indian Copyright
Act: Section 52(1) (q), (r), (s), (t), (u), (v), and (x), (y), (z)'. His paper went into great length on
definitions of visual disability and tried to evolve an economic model to
support conversion of books into accessible formats for the visually
challenged. The paper drew parallels with existing laws and best practices in
different countries, made a detailed analysis of exceptions for the blind in
the light of the Berne three-step test and the TRIPS agreement, and concluded by
recommending that the Copyright Act should be amended to include exceptions and
limitations which would permit conversion of books into formats in certain
special cases. Mr. Sinha also recommended that India should look at solutions
which go beyond the limits of the Copyright Act to solve such problems.</p>
<p>The
response to this was prepared by Mr. Rahul Cherian of Indo Juris Law offices.
The response paper drew
attention to the fact that half of the total blind population of the world is
in India
and that amounts to a population of more than a crore. In the light of the economic and
logistic considerations of our country, the Copyright Act should</p>
<ol type="1" start="1"><li>Expressly
include a limitation to permit conversion of books into accessible formats
for visually challenged persons;</li><li>Permit
conversion by stakeholder organizations as well as interested family
members and friends of beneficiaries;</li><li>Adopt a
functional definition of disability and not a medical one as is currently
the case in the Persons with Disabilities Act 1995, and extend the benefit
of the exception to all persons, who by reason of any disability are
unable to access the work in its original format;and</li><li>Not restrict
conversion only to those formats which are exclusively for the use of
blind persons. Visually challenged persons should be able to make use of
available mainstream formats like PDFs or Word as well.</li></ol>
<p>The paper also dealt extensively with the
Treaty for Improved access for the Blind, Visually Impaired and Other Reading Disabled, which was proposed by the World Blind Union in WIPO last year and is
coming up again for discussion later this month.</p>
<p>Please <a href="http://editors.cis-india.org/accessibility/blog/uploads/Draft%20Comments.doc/at_download/file" class="external-link">click here</a> to see the complete
text of the paper.</p>
<p>The seminar was extremely productive because there was a strong recommendation and support for the inclusion
of a limitation for conversion into accessible formats for persons with
disabilities in the Indian Copyright Act. All the members present came to a
consensus that the Indian Government should take a supportive stand towards the
Treaty for the Blind proposed by the WBU at the SCCR this month. A
representative of a leading publishing house committed himself to working
towards providing books to certain organizations for the blind, if they could
assure him that those books would be circulated only to blind persons and not
to others.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>
For more details visit <a href='http://editors.cis-india.org/accessibility/blog/seminar-on-exceptions-and-limitations-in-copyright'>http://editors.cis-india.org/accessibility/blog/seminar-on-exceptions-and-limitations-in-copyright</a>
</p>
No publishersachiaIntellectual Property Rights2011-08-17T08:50:52ZBlog EntryScholarly Communication in the Age of the Commons
http://editors.cis-india.org/events/scholarly-communication-in-the-age-of-the-commons
<b>One-day conference on Open Access</b>
Organised by National Aerospace Laboratories (as a part of their Golden
Jubilee celebrations), Indian Academy of Sciences and Centre for
Internet and Society
<h3>
Background<br /></h3>
<p>
Open-access (OA) literature is digital, online, free of charge, and
free of most copyright and licensing restrictions. OA removes price
barriers (subscriptions, licensing fees, pay-per-view fees) and
permission barriers (most copyright and licensing restrictions) and
ensures free availability and unrestricted use.</p>
<p>In today’s knowledge-based society, the advent of the Internet and
widespread and easy access to scientific information are facilitating
research and innovation. Open Access is not only changing the nature of
scholarly communication but even the way research is carried out.
Indeed Open Access is the bedrock on which the emerging Global Research
Library initiative is being built.</p>
<p>
Scientists and scientific institutions in India - some of them, to be
precise - have moved up in the value chain in that they access
information and disseminate their findings often through barrier-free
electronic channels. Out of about 3,900 open access journals, India
accounts for 108 titles as seen from the Directory of Open Access
Journals. The major Indian publishers of OA journals are Indian Academy
of Sciences, Indian National Science Academy, MedKnow Publications and
National Informatics Centre. According to the Registry of Open Access
Repositories there are 40 open access repositories in India including
those at Indian Institute of Science, National Aerospace Laboratories,
National Institute of Oceanography, Raman Research Institute, National
Institute of Technology - Rourkela, and Indian Institutes of
Technology. Prof. Samir Brahmachari, Director General of CSIR, has
initiated the Open Source Drug Discovery programme as an alternative to
the traditional patent-driven model of drug research. Recently CSIR
has adopted an open access policy. Indian National Science Academy is
one of the early signatories to the Berlin Declaration.</p>
<p>
Thus Open Access - both for accessing worldwide information and for
making our own research more visible - is not new to India. But one
must admit that considering the size of India's research and higher
education enterprise what we have achieved so far is utterly inadequate
and incommensurate with our ambition to become a knowledge power. We
have a long way to go. And the first step is to adopt open access
nationwide.</p>
<p>
This one-day “Conference on Scholarly Communication in India in the Age
of the Commons” is organized to take stock of the current developments
in Open Access and to highlight the issues that would need to be
addressed to enable a wider access to scientific knowledge and to
enhance the visibility of research performed in India.</p>
<h3><strong>Date and Time</strong><br /></h3>
<strong></strong>
<p>26 March 2009; 9.30 am - 5.00 pm</p>
<h3>Venue <br /></h3>
<p>S R Valluri Auditorium, National Aerospace Laboratories, (Old) Airport Road, Bangalore</p>
<h3>Speakers</h3>
<p>Speakers at the event include:</p>
Prof Leslie Chan, University of Toronto and Bioline International <a href="http://www.utsc.utoronto.ca/%7Echan/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">http://www.utsc.utoronto.ca/~chan/</a>
<p>Prof John Willinsky, Stanford University and Public Knowledge Project <a class="external-link" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Willinsky">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Willinsky</a></p>
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Willinsky" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"></a>
<p>Please see the programme below for names of the other speakers.</p>
<h3>Contact <br /></h3>
<p>Dr I R N Goudar</p>
<p>Scientist ‘G’ and Head, ICAST</p>
<p>National Aerospace Laboratories</p>
<p>
Airport Road, Bangalore-560017</p>
<p>Telephone: (+91) 80 2508 6080</p>
<p>Fax: (+91) 80 2526 0862</p>
<p>Email: goudar@nal.res.in</p>
<p>While you can register on the spot, we encourage you to kindly register through e-mail. Please provide name, designation, address, contact telephone number and e-mail address. Participants may make their own arrangements for travel and accommodation.</p>
<h3>Programme</h3>
<p><strong>9.30 am-10.15 am -- Inaugural session</strong></p>
<p>Welcome by Dr I R N Goudar</p>
<p>About the conference: Prof Subbiah Arunachalam</p>
<p>Talk by Prof D Balasubramanian</p>
Remarks by Dr A R Upadhya
<p> </p>
<p><strong>10.15 am-10.45 am -- Tea</strong></p>
<p><strong><br /></strong></p>
<p><strong>10.45 am-11.35 am -- Prof Leslie Chan, University of Toronto and Bioline International</strong></p>
<p><strong><br /></strong></p>
<p><strong>11.35 am-12.25 pm -- Prof John Willinsky, Stanford University and Public Knowledge Project</strong></p>
<p><strong><br /></strong></p>
<p><strong>12.25 pm-1.15 pm -- Dr D K Sahu, MedKnow Publications</strong></p>
<p><strong><br /></strong></p>
<p><strong>1.15 pm-2.15 pm -- Lunch</strong></p>
<p><strong><br /></strong></p>
<p><strong>2.15 pm-2.45 pm -- Mr Sunil Abraham, Centre for Internet and Society</strong></p>
<p><strong><br /></strong></p>
<p><strong>2.45 pm-4.15 pm -- Panel discussion</strong></p>
<p>Moderator: Prof P Balaram</p>
<p>Panelists: Subbiah Arunachalam, Leslie Chan, N V Sathyanarayana, A R Upadhya, and John Willinsky</p>
<p> </p>
<p><strong>4.15 pm -- Tea</strong></p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
VIDEOS
<embed height="250" width="250" allowfullscreen="true" allowscriptaccess="always" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" src="http://blip.tv/play/AYGTmg0A"></embed>
<embed height="250" width="250" allowfullscreen="true" allowscriptaccess="always" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" src="http://blip.tv/play/AYGTmmwA"></embed>
<embed height="250" width="250" allowfullscreen="true" allowscriptaccess="always" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" src="http://blip.tv/play/AYGTnVsA"></embed>
<embed height="250" width="250" allowfullscreen="true" allowscriptaccess="always" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" src="http://blip.tv/play/AYGTnjwA"></embed>
<embed height="250" width="250" allowfullscreen="true" allowscriptaccess="always" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" src="http://blip.tv/play/AYGTujAA"></embed>
<embed height="250" width="250" allowfullscreen="true" allowscriptaccess="always" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" src="http://blip.tv/play/AYGTunUA"></embed>
<embed height="250" width="250" allowfullscreen="true" allowscriptaccess="always" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" src="http://blip.tv/play/AYGTvB0A"></embed>
<embed height="250" width="250" allowfullscreen="true" allowscriptaccess="always" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" src="http://blip.tv/play/AYGTvRkA"></embed>
<embed height="250" width="250" allowfullscreen="true" allowscriptaccess="always" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" src="http://blip.tv/play/AYGTvV4A"></embed>
<p>
For more details visit <a href='http://editors.cis-india.org/events/scholarly-communication-in-the-age-of-the-commons'>http://editors.cis-india.org/events/scholarly-communication-in-the-age-of-the-commons</a>
</p>
No publishersachiaOpenness2011-04-05T04:37:37ZEventsampada2
http://editors.cis-india.org/events/event-blogs/uploads/discussionb.preview.JPG
<b></b>
<p>
For more details visit <a href='http://editors.cis-india.org/events/event-blogs/uploads/discussionb.preview.JPG'>http://editors.cis-india.org/events/event-blogs/uploads/discussionb.preview.JPG</a>
</p>
No publishersachia2009-04-07T11:06:54ZImagesampada1
http://editors.cis-india.org/events/event-blogs/uploads/discussionc.preview.JPG
<b></b>
<p>
For more details visit <a href='http://editors.cis-india.org/events/event-blogs/uploads/discussionc.preview.JPG'>http://editors.cis-india.org/events/event-blogs/uploads/discussionc.preview.JPG</a>
</p>
No publishersachia2009-04-07T11:06:20ZImageRTI Response VTU
http://editors.cis-india.org/openness/blog-old/uploads/RTIresponse-VTU
<b></b>
<p>
For more details visit <a href='http://editors.cis-india.org/openness/blog-old/uploads/RTIresponse-VTU'>http://editors.cis-india.org/openness/blog-old/uploads/RTIresponse-VTU</a>
</p>
No publishersachia2009-04-03T10:05:35ZImageRTI Response from VTU
http://editors.cis-india.org/openness/blog-old/uploads/rti-response-from-vtu
<b></b>
<p>Ref: VTU/Aca/OS-RIA-05/2008-09/11707<br />Date: 6 Feb 2009<br /><br />Reply to Form A<br /><br />To<br />The Centre for Internet & Society<br />No. D2, 3rd Floor, Shariff Chambers,<br />14, Cunningham Road,<br />Bangalore - 560 052<br /><br />Sir,<br />Sub: Your application under RTI Act dated 7-01-2009<br />With
reference to the above, this is to inform that the matter MoU between
Microsoft Corporation and Visvesvaraya Technological University is in
discussion level. No document is signed till date.<br /><br />Thanking you,<br />Yours faithfully,<br />[signature]<br />Registrar</p>
<p>
For more details visit <a href='http://editors.cis-india.org/openness/blog-old/uploads/rti-response-from-vtu'>http://editors.cis-india.org/openness/blog-old/uploads/rti-response-from-vtu</a>
</p>
No publishersachia2009-04-03T06:37:26ZPageRTI Application to VTU
http://editors.cis-india.org/openness/blog-old/uploads/rti-application-to-vtu
<b></b>
<p>To,<br />Registrar,<br />Visvesvaraya Technological University,<br />“Jnana Sangma”, Machhe,<br />Belgaum - 590 014<br /><br />Wednesday, January 7, 2009<br /><br />Dear Sir,<br />Subject: Application for Information under Section 6 of the Right to Information Act, 2005<br /><br />1. Full Name of the Applicant: <br />Pranesh Prakash<br /><br />2. Address:<br />Centre for Internet and Society<br />D-2, 3rd Floor<br />Shariff Chambers<br />14 Cunningham Road<br />Bengaluru, Karnataka.<br /><br />Phone number: <br />+91 80 40926283<br /><br />E-mail address: <br />pranesh@cis-india.org<br /><br />3. Details of the document/Inspection/Samples required: <br />As
per newspaper reports, Microsoft Corporation (Microsoft) and
Visvesvaraya Technological University (VTU) have entered into an
agreement pursuant to which Microsoft will aid in VTU's curriculum
development programmes, students' projects, continuing education, and
research and<br />development.<br /><br />I request you to provide me:<br /><br />A.
A copy of the memorandum of understanding or other agreement between
VTU, or any authorized representative of VTU, and Microsoft, or an
authorized representative of Microsoft, establishing this tie-up.<br /><br />B. A copy of any contracts entered into between VTU and Microsoft pursuant to this tie-up.<br /><br />C. A copy of the software licences granted by Microsoft to VTU in pursuance of this tie-up.<br /><br />D. A copy of any other legal and/or commercial documents related to this tie-up.<br /><br />E.
A copy of the memorandum of understanding or other agreement between
VTU, or any authorized representative of VTU, and Microsoft, or an
authorized representative of Microsoft, establishing the "Microsoft
Dream Spark programme" at VTU in 2008.<br /><br />F. A copy of the
memorandum of understanding or other agreement between VTU, or any
authorized representative of VTU, and Microsoft, or any authorized
representative of Microsoft, establishing the"Academic Development
Programme" introduced in 2002.<br /><br />G. A copy of the memorandum of
understanding or other agreement between VTU, or any authorized
representative of VTU, and Microsoft, or any authorized representative
of Microsoft, establishing the "Microsoft Technology Centre" at VTU's
Bengaluru campus in 2005.<br /><br />H. A copy of any internal memoranda or
communications related to the adoption of Microsoft software and
resources, and Microsoft curriculum, and any other communications
between Microsoft and VTU.<br /><br />I. A copy of the memorandum of
understanding or other agreement between VTU, or any authorized
representative of VTU, and Microsoft, or any authorized representative
of Microsoft, establishing the "Microsoft IT Academy" at VTU.<br /><br />J. Any policy that VTU has regarding tie-ups with software companies or other software groups when it comes to curricula.<br /><br />4. Years to which the above requests pertain:<br />2002, 2005, and 2008.<br /><br />5. Designation and Address of the Public Information Officer from whom the information is required:<br />Registrar,<br />Visvesvaraya Technological University,<br />"Jnana Sangma", Machhe,<br />Belgaum - 590 014<br /><br />To
the best of my belief, the details sought for fall within your
authority. Further, as provided under section 6(3) of the Right to
Information Act, in case this application does not fall within your
authority, I request you to transfer the same in the designated time (5
days) to the concerned authority and inform me of the same immediately.<br /><br />To
the best of my knowledge the information sought does not fall within
the restrictions contained in section 8 and 9 of the Act.<br /><br />This to certify that I, Pranesh Prakash, son of M.S. Prakash, am a citizen of India.<br /><br />A
fee of Rs. 10/- (Rupees Ten Only) has been made out in the form of a
demand draft drawn in favour of Finance Officer, VTU, Belgaum. Please
indicate any further amount needed, if any, for provision of the above
information in your response to this petition.<br /><br /><br />Date: Wednesday, January 6, 2009<br />Place: Bengaluru, Karnataka</p>
<p>
For more details visit <a href='http://editors.cis-india.org/openness/blog-old/uploads/rti-application-to-vtu'>http://editors.cis-india.org/openness/blog-old/uploads/rti-application-to-vtu</a>
</p>
No publishersachia2009-04-03T06:36:41ZPagert2
http://editors.cis-india.org/events/event-blogs/uploads/00016.jpg
<b></b>
<p>
For more details visit <a href='http://editors.cis-india.org/events/event-blogs/uploads/00016.jpg'>http://editors.cis-india.org/events/event-blogs/uploads/00016.jpg</a>
</p>
No publishersachia2009-06-24T12:36:05ZImageRound Table on Assessing the Efficacy of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) for Public Initiatives: A Report
http://editors.cis-india.org/events/event-blogs/round-table-assessing-efficacy
<b>Zainab Bawa reports on the Round Table on Assessing the Efficacy of Information and Communication Technologies for Public Initiatives, hosted by the Centre for Internet and Society, Bangalore, on 17 June 2009, in collaboration with the Liberty Institute, New Delhi. </b>
<p></p>
<p>
In
recent times, there has been an upsurge in the use of ICTs to provide
information to people and to elicit participation. Individuals, corporate
organisations, NGOs, civil society organisations, collectives, municipalities,
political parties and politicians have been using the internet and other
mediums to communicate with people. The round table was organised primarily to
discuss two issues:</p>
<ol><li>What is the
effectiveness of the initiatives introduced in recent times?</li><li>How do we
move forward in terms of partnerships/collaborations in the areas of data
gathering, sharing, dissemination and architecture of information? </li></ol>
<p>Given
the constraints of time, however, we were only able to discuss a few issues with
respect to efficacy of initiatives, rather than come up with a concrete action
plan on how to measure effectiveness of many of the existing initiatives. This
remains an agenda for subsequent meetings.</p>
<p>This round table was the first meeting of its kind. It
brought together participants from diverse backgrounds to discuss key issues
involved in leveraging ICTs towards various ends, and to collaborate with each
other on ongoing initiatives. Participants included researchers,
persons who have developed information platforms and databases, individuals
working in the area of leveraging technology for streamlining processes in
society and people who have been studying usage patterns of social media tools.
Most of the participants were using ICTs to improve information access
related to health issues, education, budgets, development of rural areas and
recently, elections and governance. In the subsequent sections, I will briefly
elaborate on some of the key themes around which discussions took place
during the round table.</p>
<p><strong>Building on Ideas:</strong> In the morning
and pre-lunch sessions, one issue that featured prominently was the importance of developing ideas rather than trying to work out a perfect model that
we believe will solve what we perceive to be people’s problems. Two of the
participants explained that they started implementing ideas as they came to
them, rather than trying to come up with a framework that they thought would
work for the masses. They worked towards evolving their ideas, exploring what
works and what does not. One of them further pointed out that such evolution
cannot be observed as it happens; it only becomes apparent in hindsight. Hence,
discussions such as the current round table are useful.</p>
<p>It is
also important to note that we are still in a nascent stage of understanding
how ICTs can impact people’s lives and deploying them accordingly. As a result, many efforts are likely to be in the stage of trial and error.</p>
<p><strong>Key areas of interest and concern:</strong> Based
on the input from participants in the morning session, we
arrived at a list of areas that require more understanding and discussion.</p>
<ol><li><u>Information gathering, dissemination, access –
including information architecture, technology design</u>:
Here, three issues were discussed:</li>
<ul><li>Who are we talking about when we refer to information
access? It was pointed out that information is crucial particularly for people
who do not have computers and for whom internet is not a priority. The intensity
with which they seek information is remarkable. One of the participants argued
that we undervalue the potential of information to make a difference to
people’s lives.</li><li>How do we deliver information? Providing information
is not enough.</li><li>Representativeness of the information for those who it
is provided for.
</li></ul>
</ol>
<p>Another issue that was referred to
was whether language is a problem, i.e., most information is available only in
English. One of the participants suggested that this is not the case because Google has found that a very small percentage of the population actually refers
to material on the web in languages other than English.</p>
<ol type="1" start="2"><li><u>Community mobilization</u>:
During the deliberations, we referred to the problem of replication of initiatives. Two observers of social media pointed
out that replication happens because people are trying to create their own
unique communities around their initiatives. This is an important insight
for future efforts and also indicates the need to share databases and
information that individuals and organisations have compiled. They also
suggested that it is important to discover existing communities and spaces
where conversations around issues of governance, education, health and
development are taking place. This helps to plug into existing resource
pools and to extend outreach. <br /></li></ol>
<ol type="1" start="3"><li><u>Citizens’ participation</u>:
Initiatives that work and why they
succeed - We briefly discussed the Jaagore campaign and India Vote Report,
which were launched before the 2009 national elections in India to enable
people to register on the electoral rolls and to report irregularities during
elections respectively. Some people found it difficult to register
themselves on the Jaagore website and some had difficulties in finding the
local offices where they needed to follow-up with the process. It was also
pointed out that Vote Report did not connect with the end user because it
would have been easier to report irregularities and anomalies via SMS
rather than trying to report them by logging on to the site. If one looks
at the case of the Online Complaint Management System (OCMS) developed by
Praja, the availability of the telephone hotline service through which
citizens could register their complaints helped in widening usage. Thus,
it appears that two issues are pertinent:</li>
<ul><li>Whether the initiative connects with the people who
are likely to use it;</li><li>Simplicity of design/system that enables more users. <br />
</li></ul>
</ol>
<p><strong>Target
Audience:</strong> One of
the participants pointed out that some initiatives do not work because they are
targeted towards the wrong audiences. For example, when it comes to voting and
elections, poor groups are the ones who go out and vote in large numbers.
Hence, information systems need to be tailored to provide them with the data
that they need most. Access also has to be configured accordingly. In some
instances, the target is too broad to reach out effectively.</p>
<p>It appears that there is a need to
develop strategies on how platforms and databases that have been created to
enhance access to information can be made known among the masses and how people
can be made aware to use them. It is equally important to understand what
constitutes ‘information’ and for whom. Here,
the other issue to explore is how information links back to the people for who
it is provided.</p>
<ol type="1" start="4"><li><u>Technology</u>: In this
area, a key concern was the high costs involved in developing technologies
and whether we could learn from each other’s experience of developing
technologies instead of reinventing the wheel. We also discussed whether
open source software helps to reduce costs of development. The other issue
with respect to open source is whether there is enough assistance and
support available to resolve problems that may crop up during use of
technology from time to time. </li></ol>
<p><strong>Sharing
of Data:</strong> Discussions also veered around the issue of whether
appropriate technology and applications could be created to help with sharing
existing databases and information pools. We did not discuss this issue
in depth, but it remains relevant for subsequent meetings.</p>
<ol type="1" start="5"><li><u>Back end integration</u>: According
to some of the participants, one of major problems is the interface
between government and citizens, which remains weak. Technology
can be used to enhance the interactions. Participants also pointed out
the difficulty in obtaining data from government bodies that is important
to create the interface between government and citizens. A participant
involved with the Jaagore campaign referred to the problem of back-end
integration during their efforts to help citizens register themselves with
the election commission (EC) offices. A participant from Google similarly
reported that they faced problems in obtaining election results from the EC’s
offices as a result of which, they had to rely on their partners for this
information. Here too, we could not deliberate on how to resolve this
problem, but this could be a major theme for a subsequent meeting. <br /></li></ol>
<ol type="1" start="6"><li><u>Performance (monitoring, evaluation)</u>:
One of the themes that participants zeroed in on was the evaluation of
the performance of elected representatives and making this evaluation available for
people to see. Here, the debate was around the problem of evaluation being carried out according to the criteria we set which may not seem relevant
to other sections of society. One of the suggestions that came up was to
develop a matrix for evaluation and put out information accordingly.
People can then use it to make their own judgments. <img src="http://editors.cis-india.org/events/event-blogs/uploads/00016.jpg/image_preview" alt="rt2" class="image-right" title="rt2" /><br /></li></ol>
<p>In
the post-lunch session, some of the participants shared their experiences with
implementation and also the work they and their organisations are currently
engaged with. Towards the end of the round table, each one of the participants
explained their respective projects and how they may wish to collaborate with
other participants (who were present) in their initiatives. An e-group called “CIS-Info-Access” has
been created to take these conversations and collaborations further. </p>
<h3><strong>Evaluation of the Round Table and Way Forward:</strong> <br /></h3>
<p>When
invitations were sent out to people to participate in the round table, many of
the invitees expressed a genuine and enthusiastic interest in being part of
this effort. As mentioned above, one of the reasons for this enthusiasm was
because this was the first meeting of its kind, bringing together
individuals from the fields of technology, research and implementation. We
invited a total of 35 people out of which 27 finally attended the meeting.
The diversity of the participants was an asset in that a variety of issues were
brought to the table. The drawback was that there was not enough time to
discuss some of the pertinent issues in depth. Future meetings can be tailored
to discuss one or two specific themes such as back-end integration and sharing
of information, technology issues, ideas for mobilising citizens and
communities, etc.</p>
<p>The
possibilities of collaboration between participants in this meeting are immense
and we hope that some of the synergies will materialise into concrete outcomes.
Further, a few participants have expressed an interest in organising similar
meetings in their cities/towns, perhaps focusing on a few issues instead of
bringing people together under a broad theme. Of some of the issues discussed,
participants have indicated that back-end integration with government and
ideating on different ways of disseminating data can be further deliberated on
in future. One of the participants also suggested that there is a need to make
‘data’ more relevant to people’s lives.</p>
<p>While
the meeting was fruitful in many respects, one issue needs to be underlined.
This concerns the imagination of internet and ICTs as mediums that can resolve all existing problems with respect to citizen-government
interface, streamlining of processes and provision of information. Such an
overarching imagination of technology overlooks the cultural, economic, social and
political specificities of communities and contexts. Technology
can also have negative implications in some circumstances. It also needs to be
reinforced that technology is embedded in society and culture. Therefore we
need to view technology as one of the avenues among others available which will
facilitate interactions between people and their governments and the state.
Democratisation is more likely to be realised through such a perspective.</p>
<p></p>
<p>
For more details visit <a href='http://editors.cis-india.org/events/event-blogs/round-table-assessing-efficacy'>http://editors.cis-india.org/events/event-blogs/round-table-assessing-efficacy</a>
</p>
No publishersachiaSocial mediaDigital ActivismDigital AccessPublic AccountabilityDiscussionFeaturedTransparency, Politics2011-08-20T22:28:55ZBlog EntryResponse to the Call from Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry for Review of the Copyright Act
http://editors.cis-india.org/accessibility/blog/response-to-ficcis-call-for-review-of-the-copyright-act
<b>This blog entry contains a letter sent by Rahul Cherian of Indojuris and Nirmita Narsimhan of the Centre for Internet and Society in response to a call from the Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry for review of the Copyright Act. </b>
<p>The Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry (FICCI) has recently constituted a
Consultative Working Group to analyse various issues in the Copyright Act. This has been approved by the Department of Industrial Policy and
Promotion (DIPP). The group is to be chaired by Shri Amit Khare, Joint
Secretary,
Department of Higher Education, Ministry of Human Resource Development. The
purpose of the Consultative Working Group would be to look into the existing
provisions of the copyright law and the proposed amendments, as well as into the
international arrangements and suggestions. The Consultative Working Group
is expected to submit its report along with amendments or suggestion, as
required.</p>
<p>Rahul Cherian of Indojuris and Nirmita Narasimhan of CIS have submitted a report on
the provisions of the Copyright Act with respect to the limitations for
print disabled persons. This has been submitted in the form of a letter to Sheetal Chopra of FICCI; the letter is reproduced below.</p>
<p>-----</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Sheetal
Chopra</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Senior
Assistant Director and Head</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">IPR
Division</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">FICCI</p>
<p>Dear
Madam:</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;" class="SubjectLine"><strong>Subject:
Consultative Working Group on Copyright Issues – issues to be addressed by the
Consultative Working Group. </strong><strong></strong></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">As
required by you we give below the issues to be addressed by the Consultative
Working Group. This document is prepared by Nirmita Narasimhan of the Centre for
Internet and Society, Bangalore, and Rahul Cherian Jacob of IndoJuris Law
Offices, Chennai. </p>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Scope -
Exceptions and Limitations for Print Impaired Persons <br /></strong></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">The scope of the issues raised here are limited to
the exceptions and limitations under the Copyright Act that are required to
facilitate access of books by the visually impaired and other print impaired
persons.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Problem faced by
Print Impaired Persons <br /></strong></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">India has approximately 70 million Print Impaired
Persons (loosely defined as persons who are unable to access print as a result
of disability and include persons who are visually impaired, persons who have
learning disabilities such as dyslexia and persons who due to physical
disability are unable to hold a book or turn pages) who do not have access to
knowledge due to a lack of reading material in accessible formats. It is
estimated that even in developed countries not more than 5% of publications get
converted into accessible formats for the benefit of Print Impaired Persons. As
a result, Print Impaired Persons are excluded from the education system, are
unable to seek meaningful employment and are on the whole excluded from all
aspects of civil society.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">It is observed that publishers do not make available
books in formats accessible by Print Impaired Persons and the Copyright Act
does not provide exceptions and limitations to the rights of the copyright
owner for third parties to convert and make available books in accessible
formats for Print Impaired Persons. This has lead to a “book famine” from the
perspective of Print Impaired Persons.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Technological
Advances and Accessible Formats <br /></strong></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Till a few years ago, Print Impaired Persons had to
rely on audio files and Braille (in the case of the persons who became visually
impaired at a young age) to enjoy printed matter. Each of these formats have
severe limitations. For example audio files have to be played serially and
navigation is severely limited. In the case of Braille, the printing costs are
expensive, reading a Braille book is up to 4 times slower than a normal book,
Braille is extremely difficult to learn if you loose sight at a later age, and
persons using Braille can communicate only with others who know Braille. However with the information technology
revolution and the creation of text-to-speech screen readers that read out
documents in electronic formats to Print Impaired Persons there are now
countless ways in which Print Impaired Persons can access books in any easy and
simple manner. Specialized electronic formats such as the DAISY Format not only
permit the visually impaired to “read” the material using screen readers but
also permit a digital file to be printed in Braille for the blind, in large
print for the partially sighted and also provide audio with inbuilt search and
indexation features for those Print Impaired Persons who have computers. The
key is that technological innovation now provides the much-needed flexibility
required by Print Impaired Persons to access material in formats they are most
comfortable with. However the availability of these technology solutions alone
does not solve the problem of dearth of books in formats that can be enjoyed by
Print Impaired Persons.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Legal compulsions
for providing exceptions and limitations for the benefit of Print Impaired
Persons <br /></strong></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">At present Indian copyright law
does not provide exceptions and limitations to the rights of copyright owners
for the benefit of Print Impaired Persons. The Indian Constitution expressly
provides for “equality” (Article 14), “non-discrimination” (Article 15),
“freedom of speech and expression” (Article 19), and “right to life” (Article
21). Indian courts have not yet had the opportunity to pronounce any judgment
on whether the Constitution requires copyright law to provide exceptions and
limitations for the benefit of Print Impaired Persons. However, Indian courts
have routinely upheld the rights of persons with disability and the Supreme
Court has specifically recognized that the “right to life” as enshrined in
Article 21 of the Constitution includes right to dignity including basic
necessities such as reading and writing. Right to education has also been
recognized as a fundamental right. For Print Impaired Persons to enjoy their
fundamental rights it is essential that they have access to material, including
but not limited to educational material, in accessible formats. As present, 70
million Indians cannot enjoy their fundamental rights due to the fact that the
Copyright Act does not provide exemptions and limitations for Print Impaired
Persons. It is to be noted that about 50 countries around the world already
provide copyright exceptions and limitations for the benefit of the visually
impaired/printed impaired.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">India has also
ratified the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with
Disabilities and the objects of the aforesaid convention include providing
persons with disability, access, on an equal basis with others, to information
and communication. Indian courts have read into Indian law provisions of the
United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. It is
also to be noted that the Standing Committee on Copyright and Related Rights of
the World Intellectual Property Organisation is currently discussing the
proposed WIPO Treaty for Blind, Visually Impaired and Other Reading Disabled Persons.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">India has also
recognized the requirements of Print Impaired Persons and had circulated draft
amendments to the Copyright Act in _________ for feedback and comments from the
public. All the leading organisations representing visually impaired persons
has submitted their responses stating that the proposed amendments did not
adequately meet the requirements of visually impaired persons.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">In light of the above the question is not whether
exceptions and limitations for the benefit of Print Impaired Persons must be
provided (they must), but what form these exceptions and limitations must take.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Exceptions and
Limitations – Issues to be considered <br /></strong></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Given below are the issues that must be considered
when providing exceptions and limitations for the benefit of Print Impaired
Persons.</p>
<ul><li><strong>Beneficiaries</strong> – The
beneficiaries of any amendment should include all persons with disability who,
due to that disability, need an accessible format to access a book to
substantially the same degree as a person without a disability. This definition
should be functional and not medical since medical definitions cannot be
exhaustive.</li></ul>
<ul><li><strong>Formats </strong>– Print Impaired
Persons should be able to enjoy the benefits of the information technology
revolution in the same way that non-disabled persons have been able to. Any
amendment should therefore take into account technological developments and
should be format neutral to give full flexibility and utility to Print Impaired
Persons. As mentioned above Braille as a format has limited application and a
majority of visually impaired persons are not able to use Braille. Moreover,
Braille cannot be used by persons with other print impairments such as dyslexia
or persons with physical disabilities.</li></ul>
<ul><li><strong>Permitted
Activities</strong> – The activities permitted by any amendment should include the making
of accessible formats of a work, supplying that accessible format, or copies of
that format, to Print Impaired Persons by any means, including by lending or by
electronic communication by wire or wireless means, and undertaking any
intermediate steps to achieve these objectives.</li></ul>
<ul><li><strong>Who can conduct
the Permitted Activities </strong>– It is noted that the cost of making an accessible
copy of a book is far higher than the cost of the book itself. It is observed
that non-profit organisations have been able to convert only a few thousands
books till date due to lack of funds. Print Impaired Persons, their families
and other members of their support group also convert books into accessible
formats at very high cost. The number of books converted by these persons is
also minimal. Keeping in mind the fact that publishers are not selling books in
accessible formats there appears to be complete market failure in this area.
The solution for this problem appears to be that, apart from non-profit
organisations, Print Impaired Persons and their support group being permitted
to conduct the Permitted Activities, volunteers and for-profit organisations
should also be able to conduct the Permitted Activities. If any of the
Permitted Activity is undertaken for profit, then the entity carrying out the
Permitted Activity must give notice to, and pay prescribed royalty to the
copyright owner. The quantum of royalty payable should be determined keeping in
mind the fact that the average income of Print Impaired Persons is far lower
than the income of non disabled persons. The possibility of creating a
collecting society for this purpose can also be explored.</li></ul>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Conclusion <br /></strong></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">“Inclusiveness” is the
underlying theme of the Indian Constitution and “Inclusion” is a word used
liberally by the courts and politicians alike. The Universal Declaration of
Human Rights prohibits discrimination on the basis of disability. The United
Nations Convention on Rights of Persons of Disabilities aims to support the
full and effective participation of persons with disabilities in social life
and development; and to advance the rights and protect the dignity of persons
with disabilities and to promote equal access to employment, education,
information, goods and services.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">However, these concepts
mean nothing to Print Impaired Persons as long as their most basic fundamental
rights continue to be denied due to the fact that Indian copyright law does not
provide exceptions and limitations for the benefit of Print Impaired Persons.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">In light of the above,
appropriate amendments must be made to the Copyright Act as soon as possible to
remove the barriers placed before Print Impaired Persons that prevent their
exercise of fundamental rights. </p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">If
you require any additional information or any clarification regarding the above
please let us know. Thank you and best regards,</p>
Nirmita
Narasimhan and Rahul Cherian
<p style="text-align: justify;"> </p>
<p>
For more details visit <a href='http://editors.cis-india.org/accessibility/blog/response-to-ficcis-call-for-review-of-the-copyright-act'>http://editors.cis-india.org/accessibility/blog/response-to-ficcis-call-for-review-of-the-copyright-act</a>
</p>
No publishersachiaIntellectual Property RightsAccessibility2011-08-17T08:51:23ZBlog EntryResponse from MSJE on web accessibility measures
http://editors.cis-india.org/accessibility/publications/uploads/response-from-msje-on-web-accessibility-measures
<b></b>
<p></p>
<p align="right" style="text-align: right;"><u>RTI MATTER</u></p>
<p align="right" style="text-align: right;"> <u>MOST
IMMEDIATE</u></p>
<p align="center" style="text-align: center;">F. No 32-6/2009 DD
III</p>
<p align="center" style="text-align: center;">Government of India</p>
<p align="center" style="text-align: center;">Ministry for Social
Justice & Empowerment</p>
<p align="center" style="text-align: center;">(Disability Division
III)</p>
<p align="right" style="text-align: right;">Room No 630, Wing A,</p>
<p align="right" style="text-align: right;">Shastri Bhawan, New
Delhi</p>
<p align="right" style="text-align: right;">Dated 23.02.2009</p>
<p>To</p>
<p>Ms Nirmita Narsimhan,</p>
<p>D2, 3<sup>rd</sup> Floor, Sheriff Chambers,</p>
<p>14, Cunningham Road,</p>
<p>Bengaluuru-560052</p>
<p>Sub.:- Information sought by Ms Nirmita Narsimhan under RTI,
regarding.</p>
<p>Sir,</p>
<p>I am directed to refer to your letter dated 28.01.2009
received in this Ministry on 02.02.2009 under RTI Act 2005, on the above
mentioned subject and to say that the information in respect of this division
is as under-</p>
<table class="MsoTableGrid">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<p>Serial No</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Question</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Reply</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p class="MsoListParagraph">1.
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>What steps has the government taken to fulfil its commitments under
the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities
(UNCRPD) and provision 39 of the national policy to make websites of
government as well as private and public sector organisations accessible for
persons with disabilities? If no such steps have been taken by the government
then kindly furnish reasons and explanation for the same and the time frame
within which such steps will be taken.</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>All the Ministries/Departments of the central government, including
attached and subordinate offices and autonomous organisations have been
advised that their offices under their administrative control should ensure
expeditious implementations of the provisions of the convention in so far as
it concerns them including through appropriate laws, rules, orders etc.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>All state governments and UT administrations have also been requested
to bring the provisions of the convention and all resultant obligations to
the notice of all concerned, especially government bodies, district
collectors, and local bodies, for suitable action. It has been requested that
NGOs and the civil society in general should be associated in the effort to
empower persons with disabilities.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>The ministry is monitoring the progress and implementation of the UNCRPD.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>Copy of the national policy
for persons with disabilities has been circulated by the ministry on
to all the Ministries/Departments/State Governments/UT
Administrations/Autonomous Bodies/Statutory Bodies/PSUs etc for
implementation of the provisions of the policy. Relvant information has also
been placed on the Ministry’s website. <a href="http://www.socialjustice.nic.in/">www.socialjustice.nic.in</a></p>
<p> </p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p style="text-align: justify;" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst">2. .</p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast"> </p>
</td>
<td>
<p>What are the surveys
which have been conducted by your department to check accessibility of
various government web sites? If no such surveys have been conducted, kindly
furnish reasons and explanation for the same. If such surveys have been
conducted, kindly provide me with a copy of the same</p>
</td>
<td rowspan="3">
<p>No such survey has been made by this ministry. The office of chief
commissioner for persons with disabilities has responsibility to check
accessibility of various government websites. Except above, the Ministry has
no such information about accessibility of the websites. However, a copy of
your application is being sent to them for necessary action.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p style="text-align: justify;" class="MsoListParagraph">3. </p>
</td>
<td>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Please
furnish me with details of the standards or criteria used for measuring
accessibility to persons with disabilities?</p>
<p> </p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p style="text-align: justify;" class="MsoListParagraph">4. </p>
</td>
<td>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Please
provide me with the details of circulars issued to various departments for
making their web site accessible to persons with disabilities. Kindly provide
me with a copy of the same as well. </p>
<p> </p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p style="text-align: justify;" class="MsoListParagraph">5. </p>
</td>
<td>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Please
provide me with information about any other applications under the Right to
Information Act, 2005, which have been filed with the Ministry of Social
Justice and Empowerment requesting similar/related information and the
consequent replies given and action taken by the departments in those
instances.</p>
<p> </p>
</td>
<td>
<p>No other application under the act has been filed requesting for such
information.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p> </p>
<p>2. Appellate authority in the case is Dr Arbind Prasad,
Joint Secretary, Ministry for Social Justice and Empowerment, Room No 612, A-
Wing, 6<sup>th</sup> floor, Shastri Bhawan, New Delhi, 110001.</p>
<p>Yours faithfully,</p>
<p>(Sd- Kaul)</p>
<p>(Vandita Kaul)</p>
<p>Director DD-II</p>
<p>Tel: 23388541</p>
<p>Copy to:-</p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst">1.
Chief Commissioner for Persons with
Disabilities, 6, sarojini House, Bhagwan Das Road, New Delhi, together with a
copy of application by Ms Nirmita Narsimhan W. R. T. Questions 2 to 5 of the
application is pertains to your department. You are requested to please send
reply directly to the applicant under intimation to this Ministry.</p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">2.
Ms Kamna S Dikshit, Section Officer (FC and RTI)
), Ministry for Social Justice and Empowerment, Shastri Bhawan, New Delhi, for
information. </p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast">3.
Pay and Account Officer, Ministry for Social
Justice and Empowerment, Shastri Bhawan, New Delhi. Please find a Demand Draft
No 171033 for Rs 10/- received from Ms Nirmita Narsimhan for providing
information under RTI Act 2005.</p>
<p>
For more details visit <a href='http://editors.cis-india.org/accessibility/publications/uploads/response-from-msje-on-web-accessibility-measures'>http://editors.cis-india.org/accessibility/publications/uploads/response-from-msje-on-web-accessibility-measures</a>
</p>
No publishersachia2009-03-25T11:33:22ZPage