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Odia Language Classics could Now be Read from Phones, Tablets and of course from Computers!
http://editors.cis-india.org/openness/news/orissadiary-october-25-2015-odia-language-classics-could-now-be-read-from-phones-tablets-and-computers
<b>Odia Wikisource, a sister project of Odia Wikipedia and a free online Odia-language library is celebrating its first anniversary in Bhubaneswar tomorrow. Available online at or.wikisource.org, the project finally went live in last year on October 20 after being incubated over two years. In a nutshell, it not just provides free and open access to readers to access text that are out of copyright or available under free license, but also allows them to contribute in either digitizing copyright-free text or correcting mistakes made by others. </b>
<p style="text-align: justify;">The article <a class="external-link" href="http://www.orissadiary.com/CurrentNews.asp?id=62374">published by Orissadairy</a> on October 25, 2015 quotes Subhashish Panigrahi.</p>
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<p style="text-align: justify;">All the contributors to the project are volunteers and are fondly called “uikiali” in Odia. These volunteers follow certain guidelines to check through the content digitized by others to make sure there is no copyrighted text posing copyright violation, correct typos and other grammatical mistakes and incorrect attribution.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Authors and copyright holders are also encouraged to provide permission in re-licensing their work under free licenses like CC-BY/CC-by-SA licenses so that some of their content becomes available online and fill the large gap of the Odia books online to some extent. “Last year, the Wikimedia community in Odisha did a remarkable job in bringing as many as 141 books from multiple authors relicensed under the above mentioned licenses” said the Centre for Internet and Society's Programme Officer Subhashish Panigrahi. “Where we, as an institution, could play a role in reaching out to many authors and convincing them for a small contribution to the society” added Panigrahi.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Pankajmala Sarangi, the most active contributor to the project elaborated saying, there is a great dearth of Odia books online. I try to buy some time from personal and office time to continue my contribution. Afterall, I started from an all time Odia classic “Cha'mana Athaguntha” by Fakir Mohan Senapati”. Many important books that are out of copyright are making their appearance on the Odia Wikisource. “Wikisource is different than Wikipedia as the former is published writing reublished online where on Wikipedia it is more of aggregating information published elsewhere in an encyclopaedic manner”, says Dr. Subas Chandra Rout, a long time Wikimedian.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Odia Wikisource's administrator Mrutyunjaya Kar welcomes everyone taking interest in Odia library movement in particular and Odia language in general to join this event that is being held at the Institute on Management of Agricultural Extension (IMAGE), Siripura, Bhubaneswar at 5 pm tomorrow.</p>
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For more details visit <a href='http://editors.cis-india.org/openness/news/orissadiary-october-25-2015-odia-language-classics-could-now-be-read-from-phones-tablets-and-computers'>http://editors.cis-india.org/openness/news/orissadiary-october-25-2015-odia-language-classics-could-now-be-read-from-phones-tablets-and-computers</a>
</p>
No publisherpraskrishnaCIS-A2KOdia WikisourceAccess to KnowledgeOpen Access2015-12-15T08:12:54ZNews ItemOpen Access Week Round-Up
http://editors.cis-india.org/openness/news/open-otago-october-27-2015-open-access-week-round-up
<b>Here is a round-up of events held at the University of Otago over Open Access Week. Subhashish Panigrahi made a presentation for the staff members of libraries across New Zealand. The event was organised by the University of Otago.</b>
<p> </p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">From 3-4pm Subhashish Panigrahi [<a href="https://twitter.com/subhapa">@subhapa</a>], based in Bangalore, described the concept of <a href="https://blogs.otago.ac.nz/openotago/2015/10/06/how-to-do-guerilla-glam/" target="_blank">How to do Guerrilla GLAM</a>. Given the emergence of Wikipedian in Residence projects overseas and at particular institutions in NZ (see a <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3b8X2SQO1UA&index=1&list=PLitfMzpMy7R93xPXqURuog_ahAwTq8hQO" target="_blank">recent panel at NDF 2015</a>), we were intrigued by what he had to say.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">It was an interesting session which generated much discussion. For those of us in NZ where we are fortunate to have institutions where there is a relatively high rate of access to collections – I’m thinking even at the library catalogue level – the thought that guerrilla activity may be necessary to surface collection items without the intervention of institution staffers may be surprising and possibly confronting! Subhashish did stress this guerrilla activity in no way violates copyright or licencing agreements, but seeks to make cultural items in GLAMs openly available to the public, where possible by partnering with institutions. The fact that many institutions do not have the resources to digitize cultural items, he posits, leaves the door open for guerrilla activity by skilled volunteers.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">One participant in the session succinctly described Guerrilla GLAM as being self-authorizing activity vs institutional authorizing activity. I understand this to mean that rather than institutions engaging their own staff or volunteers, or crowd sourcing new volunteers to digitise their content, the Guerilla GLAMers come to them. There may well be communities in NZ or small GLAMs that have no digital record of their collections. Communities and institutions in this situation may well find it helpful to engage some interested Guerrilla GLAMers to help them out.</p>
<ul style="text-align: justify;">
<li>The webinar links and chat are available here <a href="http://connect.otago.ac.nz/p4j21g554ny/" target="_blank">connect.otago.ac.nz/p4j21g554ny/</a></li>
<li>The slides are also available separately here <a href="http://slides.com/psubhashish/how-to-do-guerrilla-glam/fullscreen#/" target="_blank">http://slides.com/psubhashish/how-to-do-guerrilla-glam/fullscreen#/</a></li></ul>
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<p><a class="external-link" href="https://blogs.otago.ac.nz/openotago/2015/10/27/open-access-week-round-up/">Click to read the blog post published by the University of Otago</a>.</p>
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For more details visit <a href='http://editors.cis-india.org/openness/news/open-otago-october-27-2015-open-access-week-round-up'>http://editors.cis-india.org/openness/news/open-otago-october-27-2015-open-access-week-round-up</a>
</p>
No publisherpraskrishnaCIS-A2KOpen AccessAccess to Knowledge2015-12-15T08:21:01ZNews ItemCIS brings Nadustunna Charithra magazine under by CC BY SA licence
http://editors.cis-india.org/a2k/blogs/cis-brings-nadustunna-charithra-magazine-under-by-cc-by-sa-licence
<b>As a part of its content donation initiative, the Centre for Internet & Society's Access to Knowledge team (CIS-A2K) has brought all issues of Nadustunna Charithra magazine under Creative Common Licence. </b>
<p style="text-align: justify;">CIS-A2K has received 74 issues as of now from the Telugu Jaati foundation. These issues shall be published by A2K on a blog site under CC BY SA licence to make it a reliable reference resource and adhere Wikipedia guidelines.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Nadustunna Charithra magazine has dealt extensively with Telugu semantics and Telugu Cultural history and we hope to upload all the issues to Telugu Wikisource. These magazines will also serve as handy reference guides for Telugu Wikipedians and shall act as a major referencing and citation resource.<br /><br />CIS-A2K has also been successful in acquiring 250 song books (booklets that have the lyrics of songs featured in a film) of Telugu movies for content donation. These song books serve as introduction to the film itself. They contain lyrics of the songs, poster of the movie, details of the cast and crew, a short synopsis both in Telugu and English along with photographs of the lead actors. As of now CIS-A2K has been able to locate song books for most of the films produced between 1930-1954.<br /><br />These resources shall also help the Telugu community in coming up with new/improved articles related to Telugu cinema. With most of the basic information regarding a film available in the song book, we expect that the Telugu community along with active cooperation from A2K shall create GA quality articles and this content donation will also help in improving stubs that were created earlier.<br /><br />CIS-A2K is extremely grateful for the support received by the Telugu community during this content donation initiative and would like to thank in person Mr. Bhaskarnaidu, Mr. Gullapalli Nageshwara Rao who have been part of these conversations and helped us identify the resources to be re-licensed.<br /><br /></p>
<p>
For more details visit <a href='http://editors.cis-india.org/a2k/blogs/cis-brings-nadustunna-charithra-magazine-under-by-cc-by-sa-licence'>http://editors.cis-india.org/a2k/blogs/cis-brings-nadustunna-charithra-magazine-under-by-cc-by-sa-licence</a>
</p>
No publisherhasanTelugu WikipediaCreative CommonsAccess to KnowledgeOpen Access2016-06-18T18:07:46ZBlog EntryHeads I Win, Tails You Lose: The Intransigenc of STM Publishers
http://editors.cis-india.org/openness/blog-old/indian-national-academy-journals-december-2014-subbiah-arunachalam-perumal-ramamoorthi-subbiah-gunasekaran-heads-i-win-tails-you-lose
<b>A few commercial publishers dominate provision of access to scientific and technical information sought after by researchers around the world. Increasing subscription prices of journals at rates higher than general inflation caused librarians to think of forming consortia, but publishers started selling online journals as bundles, and libraries ended up with many journals their researchers have very little use for. Scientists and librarians adopted open access, but publishers came up with hybrid journals and article processing charges to beat any adverse effect on their profits caused by the fast-spreading open access movement. We compare the steps taken by scientists and librarians in the West to reclaim ease of access to research findings with what is happening in India. We end with a few suggestions. </b>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">The article by Subbiah Arunachalam, Perumal Ramamoorthi and Subbiah Gunasekaran was <a class="external-link" href="http://www.insa.nic.in/writereaddata/UpLoadedFiles/PINSA/Vol80_2014_5_Art04.pdf">published in the Indian National Science Academy Journals</a>, <i>Proc Indian Natn SciAcad</i> 80 No. 5 December 2014 pp. 919-929.</p>
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<h3 style="text-align: justify; ">Introduction</h3>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">Scientists in India, as elsewhere, will be happy if their libraries provide them access to thousands of journals. Librarians, even in the most affluent institutions, have only limited budgets and they have to balance between journals on the one hand and books, monographs and reference material on the other, and can subscribe to only a limited number of journals. In the past decade and a half, thanks to generous funding by several government agencies (e.g., UGC, CSIR), librarians formed consortia so they could access online journals at more attractive prices and in large numbers. Also, during the same period, many open access (OA) journals became available and some subscription journals came forward to make articles OA if the authors paid a fee. There also came up a large number of repositories, both institutional (such as the ones at Indian Institute of Science and Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute) and subject-based central repositories (such as PubMed Central). As a result, scientists now have much easier access to a much larger volume of current literature. But, it appears that publishers seem to profit far more than scientists. They keep increasing the subscription prices at a rate higher than general inflation. Even affluent institutions like Harvard University are forced to cut down the number of journals they subscribe. The Association of Research Libraries (ARL), a group of about 125 research libraries in North America, is concerned about this crisis in scholarly communication (or ‘serials crisis’ as they call it) and is working to promote open access as one way to counter it. The publishers continue to make their unusually large profits unmindful of the hardship researchers are put to. In business circles, publishing scientific, technical and medical (STM) journals is considered to be one of the most profitable businesses. Efforts made by groups of researchers to make scholarly communication more cost effective have not met with expected success levels. For example, entire editorial boards of a few commercial journals resigned and started new journals in the same field. But this happened only in a handful of cases and not all of them succeeded. In this paper, we look at what is happening currently in India in the context of the unusually large influence wielded by journal publishers.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; "><a href="http://editors.cis-india.org/openness/blog-old/heads-i-win-tails-you-lose-the-intransigence-of-stm-publishers/" class="external-link">Click to download</a> the full text article.</p>
<p>
For more details visit <a href='http://editors.cis-india.org/openness/blog-old/indian-national-academy-journals-december-2014-subbiah-arunachalam-perumal-ramamoorthi-subbiah-gunasekaran-heads-i-win-tails-you-lose'>http://editors.cis-india.org/openness/blog-old/indian-national-academy-journals-december-2014-subbiah-arunachalam-perumal-ramamoorthi-subbiah-gunasekaran-heads-i-win-tails-you-lose</a>
</p>
No publishersubbiahOpennessOpen Access2015-02-12T00:28:14ZBlog EntryPrivacy vs. Transparency: An Attempt at Resolving the Dichotomy
http://editors.cis-india.org/openness/blog-old/privacy-v-transparency
<b>The right to privacy has been articulated in international law and in some national laws. In a few countries where the constitution does not explicitly guarantee such a right, courts have read the right to privacy into other rights (e.g., the right to life, the right to equal treatment under law and also the right to freedom of speech and expression).</b>
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<p><i>With feedback and inputs from Sumandro Chattapadhyay, Elonnai Hickok, Bhairav Acharya and Geetha Hariharan</i>. I would like to apologize for not providing proper citation to Julian Assange when the first version of this blog entry was published. I would also like to thank Micah Sifry for drawing this failure to his attention. The blog post originally published by Omidyar Network <a class="external-link" href="http://www.openup2014.org/privacy-vs-transparency-attempt-resolving-dichotomy/">can be read here</a>. Also see <a class="external-link" href="http://newint.org/features/2015/01/01/privacy-transparency/">http://newint.org/features/2015/01/01/privacy-transparency/</a></p>
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<p style="text-align: justify; ">In other countries where privacy is not yet an explicit or implicit right, harm to the individual is mitigated using older confidentiality or secrecy law. After the Snowden affair, the rise of social media and the sharing economy, some corporations and governments would like us to believe that “privacy is dead”. Privacy should not and cannot be dead, because that would mean that security is also dead. This is indeed the most dangerous consequence of total surveillance as it is technically impossible to architect a secure information system without privacy as a precondition. And conversely, it is impossible to guarantee privacy without security as a precondition.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">The right to transparency [also known as the right to information or access to information] – while unavailable in international law – is increasingly available in national law. Over the last twenty years this right has become encoded in national laws – and across the world it is being used to hold government accountable and to balance the power asymmetry between states and citizens. Independent and autonomous offices of transparency regulators have been established. Apart from increasing government transparency, corporations are also increasingly required to be transparent as part of generic or industry specific regulation in the public interest. For instance, India’s Companies Act, 2013, requires greater transparency from the private sector. Other areas of human endeavor such as science and development are also becoming increasingly transparent though here it is still left up to self-regulation and there isn’t as much established law. Within science and research more generally, the rise of open data accompanied the growth of the Open Access and citizen science movement.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">So the question before us is: Are these two rights – the right to transparency and the right to privacy – compatible? Is it a zero-sum game? Do we have to sacrifice one right to enforce the other? Unfortunately, many privacy and transparency activists think this is the case and this has resulted in some conflict. I suggest that these rights are completely compatible when it comes to addressing the question of power. These rights do not have to be balanced against one another. There is no need to settle for a sub-optimal solution. <b>Rather this is an optimization problem and the solution is as follows: privacy protections must be inversely proportionate to power and as Julian Assange says transparency requirements should be directly proportionate to power.</b><a href="#fn*" name="fr*">[*] </a></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">In most privacy laws, the public interest is an exception to privacy. If public interest is being undermined, then an individual privacy can be infringed upon by the state, by researchers, by the media, etc. And in transparency law, privacy is the exception. If the privacy of an individual can be infringed, transparency is not required unless it is in the public interest. In other words, the “public interest” test allows us to use privacy law and transparency law to address power asymmetries rather than exacerbate them. What constitutes “public interest” is of course left to courts, privacy regulators, and transparency regulators to decide. Like privacy, there are many other exceptions in any given transparency regime including confidentiality and secrecy. Given uneven quality of case law there will be a temptation by the corrupt to conflate exceptions. Here the old common-law principle of “there is no confidence as to the disclosure of iniquity” – which prevents confidentiality law from being used to cover malfeasance or illegality – can be adopted in appropriate jurisdictions.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">Around 10 years ago, the transparency movement gave birth to yet another movement – the open government data movement. The tension between privacy and transparency is most clearly seen in the open government data movement. The open government data movement in some parts of the world is dominated by ahistorical and apolitical technologists, and some of them seem intent on reinventing the wheel. In India, ever since the enactment of the Right to Information Act, 2003, 30 transparency activists are either killed, beaten or criminally intimidated every year. This is the statistic from media coverage alone. Many more silently suffer. RTI or transparency is without a doubt one of the most dangerous sectors within civil society that you could choose to work in. In contrast, not a single open data activist has ever been killed, beaten or criminally intimidated. I suspect this is because open data activists do not sufficiently challenge power hierarchies. Let us look a little bit closely at their work cycle. When a traditional transparency activist asks a question, that is usually enough to get them into trouble. When an open data activist publishes an answer [a dataset nicely scrubbed and machine readable, or a visualization, or a tool] they are often frustrated because nobody seems interested in using it. Often even the activist is unclear what the question is. This is because open data activist works where data is available. Open data activists are obsessed with big datasets, which are easier to find at the bottom of the pyramid. They contribute to growing surveillance practices [the nexus between Internet giants, states, and the security establishment] rather that focusing on sousveillance [citizen surveillance of the state, also referred to as citizen undersight or inverse surveillance]. They seem to be obsessed only with tools and technologies, rather than power asymmetries and injustices.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">Finally, a case study to make my argument easier to understand – Aadhaar or UID, India’s ambitious centralized biometric identity and authentication management system. There are many serious issues with its centralized topology, proprietary technology, and dependence on biometrics as authentication factors – all of which I have written about in the past. In this article, I will explain how my optimization solution can be applied to the project to make it more effective in addressing its primary problem statement that corruption is a necessary outcome of power asymmetries in India.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">In its current avatar – the Aadhaar project hopes to assign biometric-based identities to all citizens. The hope is that, by doing authentication in the last mile, corruption within India’s massive subsidy programmes will be reduced. This, in my view, might marginally reduce retail corruption at the bottom of the pyramid. It will do nothing to address wholesale corruption that occurs as subsidies travel from the top to the bottom of the pyramid. I have advocated over the last two years that we should abandon trying to issue biometric identities to all citizens, thereby making them more transparent to the state. Let us instead issue Aadhaar numbers to all politicians and bureaucrats and instead make the state more transparent to citizens. There is no public interest in reducing privacy for ordinary citizens – the powerless – but there are definitely huge public interest benefits to be secured by increasing transparency of politicians and bureaucrats, who are the powerful.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">The Indian government has recently introduced a biometric-based attendance system for all bureaucrats and has created a portal that allows Indian citizens to track if their bureaucrats are arriving late or leaving early. This unfortunately is just bean counting [for being corrupt and being punctual are not mutually exclusive] and public access to the national portal was turned off because of legitimate protests from some of the bureaucrats. What bureaucrats do in office, who they meet, and which documents they process is more important than when they arrive at or depart from work. The increased transparency or reduced privacy was not contributing to the public interest.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">Instead of first going after small-ticket corruption at the bottom of the pyramid, maximization of public interest requires us to focus on the top, for there is much greater ROI for the anti-corruption rupee. For example: constructing a digital signature based on audit trails that track all funds and subsidies as they move up and down the pyramid. These audit trails must be made public so that ordinary villagers can be supported by open data activists, journalists, social entrepreneurs, and traditional civil society in verification and course correction.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">I hope open data activists, data scientists, and big data experts will draw inspiration from the giants of the transparency movement in India. I hope they will turn their attention to power, examine power asymmetries and then ask how the Aadhaar project can be leveraged to make India more rather than less equal.</p>
<h3 style="text-align: justify; ">Videos</h3>
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<p style="text-align: justify; ">Open Up? 2014: Risky Business: Transparency, Technology, Security, and Human Rights</p>
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<td><iframe frameborder="0" height="315" src="http://www.youtube.com/embed/tDf8TFjxqiQ" width="560"></iframe></td>
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<td><b>Open Up? 2014: Data Collection and Sharing: Transparency and the Private Sector</b></td>
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<td><iframe frameborder="0" height="315" src="http://www.youtube.com/embed/lPHWkYZjqzo" width="560"></iframe></td>
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<p>The videos can also be watched on Vimeo:</p>
<ol>
<li><a class="external-link" href="http://vimeo.com/111729069">Open Up? 2014: Risky Business: Transparency, Technology, Security, and Human Rights </a></li>
<li><a class="external-link" href="http://vimeo.com/111748146">Open Up? 2014: Data Collection and Sharing: Transparency and the Private Sector </a></li>
</ol>
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<p>[<a href="#fr*" name="fn*">*</a>].<a class="external-link" href="http://prospect.org/article/real-significance-wikileaks">http://prospect.org/article/real-significance-wikileaks</a> “Transparency should be proportional to the power that one has.”</p>
<p>Read the presentation on Risky Business: Transparency, Technology, Security and Privacy made at the Pecha Kucha session <a href="http://editors.cis-india.org/openness/blog-old/risky-business.odp" class="internal-link">here</a>. (ODP File, 35 kb)</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; "><i>Disclaimer: The views, opinions, and positions expressed by the author(s) of this blog are theirs alone, and do not necessarily reflect the views, opinions, or positions of Omidyar Network. We make no representations as to accuracy, completeness, timeliness, suitability or validity of any information presented by individual authors of the blogs and will not be liable for any errors, omissions, or delays in this information or any losses, injuries or damages arising from its display or use.</i></p>
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For more details visit <a href='http://editors.cis-india.org/openness/blog-old/privacy-v-transparency'>http://editors.cis-india.org/openness/blog-old/privacy-v-transparency</a>
</p>
No publishersunilPrivacyFeaturedVideoAadhaarOpennessOpen Access2015-03-08T06:26:21ZBlog EntrySecond Draft of Open Access Policy of the Department of Biotechnology and Department of Science released
http://editors.cis-india.org/openness/second-draft-of-open-access-policy-of-the-department-of-biotechnology-and-department-of-science-released
<b>The Department of Biotechnology and the Department of Science, Ministry of Science and Technology, Government of India drafted an Open Access Policy (“Policy”) in consultation with several open access experts, government officials and CIS. The second draft of the Policy released last week and is open for comments till 17th November, 2014.
</b>
<p align="JUSTIFY"> </p>
<p align="JUSTIFY">The Centre for Internet and Society (“CIS”) commends the efforts of the Ministry of Science and Technology, Government of India to make scientific research publicly available by developing an open access policy. The first and second drafts of the Policy may be accessed <a href="http://www.dbtindia.nic.in/news_management/PressreleaseDetails.asp?PressId=380&button=Edit" target="_top">here</a>. The following part highlights the changes inserted in the second draft of the Policy.</p>
<p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><b>Second draft of the Department of Biotechnology and the Department of Science</b></span><b><span style="text-decoration: underline;"> Open Access Policy</span></b></p>
<p align="JUSTIFY">The Centre for Internet and Society (“CIS”) commends the efforts of the Ministry of Science and Technology, Government of India to make scientific research publicly available by developing an open access policy. The first and second drafts of the Policy may be accessed <a href="http://www.dbtindia.nic.in/news_management/PressreleaseDetails.asp?PressId=380&button=Edit" target="_top">here</a>. The following part highlights the changes inserted in the second draft of the Policy.</p>
<p align="JUSTIFY">The second draft has been titled “Policy on open access to DBT and DST funded research.” At the outset, the second draft reflects that the Policy is voluntary and not mandatory in nature. To reiterate this, the Department of Biotechnology and the Department of Science (“DBT-DST”) acknowledge and respect right of researchers to publish their work in a journal of their choice in the Policy. However, the DBT-DST maintains that it will not underwrite article processing charges. In addition, the Policy respects the limitations placed on research outputs under Indian law and intellectual property policies of the respective institutions.</p>
<p align="JUSTIFY">The Policy lays out that the process for making a research output openly accessible will start at the institutional level, and it has been made mandatory for institutions which receive core funding from DBT-DST to set-up an Institutional Repository(“IR”). The DBT-DST will provide adequate assistance to set up institutional repositories. For other institutions, it is strongly suggested that they set up an IR. Meanwhile, institutions can submit their work in the central repository created by the DBT and DST (dbt.sciencecentral.in and dst.sciencecentral.in). The Ministry of Science and Technology will set up a central harvester (www.sciencecentral.in) that will harvest the full text and metadata of these publication.</p>
<p align="JUSTIFY">The recommended deposit period of the works has been extended to two weeks after the acceptance by the journal, and the recommended embargo period is less than a year. Depositing in a suitable repository has been made mandatory for all research outputs. <a href="http://cis-india.org/openness/cis-comments-to-the-department-of-biotechnology-and-department-of-science-open-access-policy">CIS strongly recommended</a> an embargo period of one year, and making deposits in repositories mandatory, regardless of the open access routes ( Gold OA or Green OA) adopted by the scientist.</p>
<p align="JUSTIFY">The draft makes it clear that the Policy does not intend to override the agreements between the researchers and publishers, however, it recommends the authors to bring to the notice of publishers their obligations under the Policy.</p>
<p align="JUSTIFY">In furtherance of creating awareness of open access, the DBT-DST intend to celebrate “Open Access Day” during the International Open Access Week (http://www.openaccessweek.org/) by organizing sensitizing lectures, programmes, workshops and taking new OA initiatives.</p>
<p align="JUSTIFY">The second draft successfully addresses concerns raised by scientists and publishers on the first draft. The comments on the first draft may be accessed <a href="http://www.btisnet.gov.in/oap.htm">here</a>. In the comments, the scientific community requested clarification on the mandatory nature of the policy. It also raised the issue of impeding career advancement in view of limited number of open access journals and the dependence on publications in certain noteworthy journals while hiring.<a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="#sdfootnote1sym" name="sdfootnote1anc"> </a>Therefore, the second draft of the Policy makes it voluntary to publish open access, however, depositing in repositories has been made mandatory.</p>
<p align="JUSTIFY">Further, concerns about IRs and central repository have been addressed in the second draft with the DBT-DST committing to assist institutions in setting up IRs.</p>
<p align="JUSTIFY"><a href="http://www.btisnet.gov.in/OPEN%20ACCESS/Elsevier_Response%20on%20DBT-DST%20OPEN%20ACCESS%20POLICY.pdf">Some publishers raised concerns about the stipulated embargo period</a>, and suggested it be extended to a variable of 12-24 months, instead of the 12 months period recommended in the Policy. However, the second draft retains the embargo period of one year because scientific research moves at a fast pace, and locking crucial research for more than one year runs the risk of rendering the research outdated.</p>
<p align="JUSTIFY">FAQs on the Policy will be released soon, as requested by several commentators.</p>
<p><b><span style="text-decoration: underline;">About the Policy</span></b></p>
<p>CIS has been assisting the DBT-DST on developing the Policy since June 2014.<b> </b>The Policy document was drafted by the Open Access Policy Committee. I blogged about the <a href="http://cis-india.org/openness/blog/department-of-biotechnology-and-department-of-science-ministry-of-science-and-technology-government-of-india-release-open-access-policy" target="_top">exercise undertaken to emerge with the first draft</a> which was followed by a round of comments from the public. After releasing the first draft, the Open Access Policy Committee convened a meeting to review the Policy in light of the feedback received. CIS was invited to participate in the meeting and I attended it in furtherance of the <a href="http://cis-india.org/openness/cis-comments-to-the-department-of-biotechnology-and-department-of-science-open-access-policy" target="_top">submissions made by CIS previously.</a> The second draft is the outcome of the Open Access Policy Committee meeting.</p>
<div id="sdfootnote1">
<p align="LEFT"> </p>
</div>
<p>
For more details visit <a href='http://editors.cis-india.org/openness/second-draft-of-open-access-policy-of-the-department-of-biotechnology-and-department-of-science-released'>http://editors.cis-india.org/openness/second-draft-of-open-access-policy-of-the-department-of-biotechnology-and-department-of-science-released</a>
</p>
No publishersinhaOpennessOpen Access2014-10-30T00:33:49ZBlog EntryMinistry of Science makes open access to research mandatory
http://editors.cis-india.org/news/down-to-earth-july-16-2014-aparajita-singh-ministry-of-science-makes-open-access-to-research-mandatory
<b>Researchers who fail to meet the requirements would not considered for promotions, fellowships, future grants or appointments.</b>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">The article by Aprajita Singh was <a class="external-link" href="http://www.downtoearth.org.in/content/two-departments-ministry-science-make-open-access-research-mandatory#.U81zNRm3TqA">published in Down to Earth</a> magazine on July 16, 2014. T. Vishnu Vardhan gave his inputs.</p>
<hr />
<p style="text-align: justify; ">The Centre has made it mandatory for the researchers who receive funds from the Centre to submit a copy of their final research papers to open access journals or online open access repositories.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">Stating this, the Department of Biotechnology (DBT) and the Department of Science and Technology (DST), both under the Ministry of Science, recently released a draft of their Open Access policy. The departments have also invited comments and suggestions on the same. The document is open for comments till July 25th.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">In the draft, DBT and DST have stated that since this research is funded by the public, it is necessary that the knowledge be made accessible to the public as soon as possible, so that it can be read and built upon. This will promote research culture in India.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">In the past, Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) and Council of Scientific & Industrial Research (CSIR) have also released similar open access policies that encourage authors to make their work easily available to the public.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">Traditional journals such as Nature impose a heavy subscription fee for access to their articles, thus limiting the viewers that these papers can reach. In some cases, authors may also be required to sign over their copyright of the paper to the publisher. Scientists consider it to be a matter of prestige to publish their research in these journals as it is believed that the quality of papers published here is superior to that of papers in open access journals.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">But the trend slowly changing. According to T Vishnu Vardhan of Bengaluru-based Centre for Internet and Society, “For open access journals like PLoS ONE, a scientist or an author has to pay less than one-third of the cost of publishing that he would pay to traditional models. The publishers have for long been holding forth on the editorial quality that their commercial operations assure, which no more holds ground as the open access journals have historically demonstrated same level of efficiency.” He adds that this is primarily because most of the peer reviewing of scientific scholarly publication is done for free.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">The policy proposes that a copy of the paper be submitted to the repository within a week of being accepted by a journal. If the journal imposes an embargo, the paper will remain in the repository, but be made open access only once the embargo ends. Journals can thus charge a subscription fee for the duration of the embargo period. However, the policy asks the authors to suggest that the embargo period be no longer than year.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">The departments maintain that while they do expect the authors to publish their work in quality, peer-reviewed journals, the research work done by them should be judged on the basis of the merit of the work and not the journal it is published in.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">It also states that authors must submit the deposit ID of the work in question along with the final work, and also while applying for any future funding, or their proposals will not be considered. For authors of research conducted in institutions that come under the control of DBT/DST which do not carry the deposit ID, the penalty proposed is severe. These authors will not be eligible for promotions, fellowships, future grants or appointments.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">The policy also provides a copyright addendum which states that the author retains all rights to reproduce and distribute the article, as long as it is not done for monetary purposes.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">It is hoped that this policy will encourage other departments to make open access research mandatory too. Senior scientist at ICAR Research Centre for Eastern Region and a member of Open Access India, Sridhar Gutam says that there is a lack of clarity amongst researchers in India over open access policies. He hopes that now that CSIR, ICAR, DBT and DST have rolled out open access policies, this will encourage discussion on the issue and once this policy is finalized, other departments and institutes of higher education and research will follow suit and introduce their own policies.</p>
<p>
For more details visit <a href='http://editors.cis-india.org/news/down-to-earth-july-16-2014-aparajita-singh-ministry-of-science-makes-open-access-to-research-mandatory'>http://editors.cis-india.org/news/down-to-earth-july-16-2014-aparajita-singh-ministry-of-science-makes-open-access-to-research-mandatory</a>
</p>
No publisherpraskrishnaOpen AccessAccess to Knowledge2014-07-28T09:12:49ZNews ItemIndian Govt looks to provide free access to publicly-funded research works
http://editors.cis-india.org/news/medianama-july-23-2014-riddhi-mukherjee-indian-govt-looks-to-provide-free-access-to-public-funded-research-works
<b>Sunil Abraham gave his inputs to the blog entry published in Medianama on July 23, 2014.</b>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">Department of Biotechnology (DBT) and Department of Science and Technology (DST), under the Ministry of Science and Technology recently <a href="http://dbtindia.nic.in/docs/DST-DBT_Draft.pdf">released</a> (pdf) the draft of what is termed as Open Access Policy and has invited comments from the public until July 25, reports <a href="http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/India-to-create-free-access-to-scientific-work-online/articleshow/38818160.cms">The Times of India</a>. Comments can be submitted to madhan@dbt.nic.in.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">The objective of this policy is to provide unrestricted access to research work funded by the departments. The draft states that since all funds disbursed by DBT and DST are public funds, it is important that the information and knowledge generated through the use of these funds are made publicly available as soon as possible.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">As per the draft, DBT/DST will be creating a central repository wherein grantees can either publish their papers in an open-access journal or post the final accepted manuscript to an online repository. This includes papers funded by the two departments in 2012-13 as well as review articles invited by DBT/DST or author initiated that received funding from these departments.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">The draft suggests that the full text of the research paper and metadata of all research projects fully or partially funded by DBT/DST or the projects that utilised infrastructure built with the support of DBT/DST will have to be made publicly available, failing which they wouldn’t be considered for future grants or fellowship opportunities among others.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">The department believes that providing free access to these publications through gratis open access repository will enable increasing the distribution of these publications and will ensure that these research can be read and built upon.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; "><b>Copyright of research papers</b>: The draft also sheds light on copyright issues. It states that research work produced by a scientist as an employee of a government body or private institution the copyright would remain with the respective government body or private institution. However, following the final acceptance of the paper by any journal, it has to be deposited in an open access repository within a period of one week.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">The author of the research paper will retain the right to reproduce, distribute, publicly perform, and publicly display the article in any medium for non-commercial purposes. They can also prepare derivative works from the article, and authorise others to make any non-commercial use of the article with credit.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; "><b>Implications</b>: This is a godsend for students, teachers and institutions that don’t have the means to purchase expensive academic journals. Sunil Abraham, executive director of Centre for Internet and Society (CIS) told TOI that the idea is that taxpayers shouldn’t pay twice to access research funded by taxpayers’ money.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; "><b>Earlier developments in Open Data</b></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">In August 2013 the Department of School Education and Literacy, Ministry of Human Resource Development, the Central Institute of Educational Technology (CIET), and National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT) had <a href="http://www.medianama.com/2013/08/223-indian-govt-launches-open-repository-for-school-education/">launched an initiative</a> called <a href="http://nroer.in/home/">National Repository of Open Educational Resources</a> (NROER). The objective was to provide free educational resources to school students under the Creative Common license.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">The Union Cabinet had <a href="http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=80197">cleared</a> the DST formulated <a href="http://www.dst.gov.in/NDSAP.pdf">National Data Sharing and Accessibility Policy</a> (NPDSA) back in February 2012. <a href="http://dst.gov.in/nsdi.html">NPDSA</a> was supposed to increase accessibility and ease sharing of non-sensitive data amongst the registered users and their availability for scientific, economic and social developmental purposes. However, very little has been reported on how NPDSA was utilised since then.</p>
<hr />
<p style="text-align: justify; ">Click to read the article <a class="external-link" href="http://www.medianama.com/2014/07/223-government-open-access-policy/">published in Medianama here</a>.</p>
<p>
For more details visit <a href='http://editors.cis-india.org/news/medianama-july-23-2014-riddhi-mukherjee-indian-govt-looks-to-provide-free-access-to-public-funded-research-works'>http://editors.cis-india.org/news/medianama-july-23-2014-riddhi-mukherjee-indian-govt-looks-to-provide-free-access-to-public-funded-research-works</a>
</p>
No publisherpraskrishnaOpennessOpen AccessAccess to Knowledge2014-07-28T05:34:37ZNews ItemDepartment of Biotechnology and Department of Science, Ministry of Science and Technology, Government of India, release first draft of Open Access Policy
http://editors.cis-india.org/openness/blog-old/department-of-biotechnology-and-department-of-science-ministry-of-science-and-technology-government-of-india-release-open-access-policy
<b>The Department of Biotechnology and the Department of Science, Ministry of Science and Technology, Government of India, recently published a draft Open Access Policy in consultation with several open access experts, government officials and CIS. This post discusses open access and the exercise undertaken to draft this policy.</b>
<p style="text-align: justify;">The Department of Biotechnology (<strong>“DBT”</strong>) and the Department of Science (<strong>“DST”</strong>), Ministry of Science and Technology, Government of India, released their draft Open Access Policy (<strong>“the Policy)</strong> on July 5, 2014 (the Policy may be accessed <a href="http://dbtindia.nic.in/docs/DBT-DST_Open_Access_Policy.pdf">here</a>and comments may be sent to <a href="mailto:madhan@dbt.nic.in">madhan@dbt.nic.in</a> by July 25, 2014). This step by the Ministry of Science and Technology is laudable, especially from the view of increasing access to research undertaken at these institutions. DBT/DST’s endeavour to provide open access applies to scientific research directly (including ad-hoc) or indirectly funded by them. It also applies to scientific research which has received benefits, infrastructure or other support from the DBT/DST. Providing open access may also ensure percolation of cutting edge research at a rapid pace into higher education curriculum, thereby raising the standard of technical and scientific education.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">The Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (<strong>“CSIR”</strong>), Indian Council of Agricultural Research (<strong>“ICAR”</strong>) and Institute of Mathematical Sciences (<strong>“IMSc”</strong>) are the few Indian government institutions to have implemented open access policies applicable to the research undertaken at their respective institutions. While the <a href="http://oasis.csir.res.in/utube/CSIR_OPEN_ACCESS_MANDATE.pdf">CSIR</a> and <a href="http://icar.org.in/en/node/6609">ICAR</a> present outlines of their open access policies, the <a href="http://www.imsc.res.in/e_resources_alpha">IMSc</a> provides access to a <a href="http://www.imsc.res.in/xmlui">digital repository</a> containing digital theses/dissertations, matscience reports and other publications of institute members. CIS had sent <a href="http://editors.cis-india.org/openness/blog-old/comments-on-draft-icar-open-access-policy">comments</a> to the ICAR upon <a href="http://editors.cis-india.org/openness/blog-old/icar-adopts-open-access-policy">release</a> of ICAR’s draft policy.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Open Access in Scientific Research</strong></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Presently two models of scientific research publications exist, namely, the commercial model and the open access model. The scientific research ecosystem traditionally functioned on the commercial model, until open access was embraced by a part of the scientific community. It is <a href="http://editors.cis-india.org/openness/publications/open-access-scholarly-literature.pdf">reported</a> that presently, there exist approximately 25,000 journals in the areas of science, technology and medicine. The conventional model of communicating research is by publishing it in printed journals. These journals are usually subscription based, and demand <a href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2014/06/11/1403006111.abstract"> hefty amounts from interested authors for publication</a>. Further, research was only accessible to that select <a href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2014/06/11/1403006111.abstract">group of persons willing to pay a high monetary sum</a> for the same. These industry practices led to restrictions on access to scholarly research, <a href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2014/06/11/1403006111.abstract">including restrictions on sharing and building further</a> on work already created. . Over the past few years, this trend has witnessed a change, with research being increasingly published in online, open access journals.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Open Access is free, immediate, permanent online access to the full text of research articles for anyone, web-wide, without severe restrictions on use commonly imposed by publisher copyright agreements. Open access was first defined in 2002 at the Budapest Initiative. The Bethesda Statement (2003) provided:</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><em>An Open Access Publication is one that meets the following two conditions:</em></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><em>The author(s) and copyright holder(s) grant(s) to all users a free, irrevocable, worldwide, perpetual right of access to, and a license to copy, use, distribute, transmit and display the work publicly and to make and distribute derivative works, in any digital medium for any responsible purpose, subject to proper attribution of authorship[2], as well as the right to make small numbers of printed copies for their personal use.</em></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><em>A complete version of the work and all supplemental materials, including a copy of the permission as stated above, in a suitable standard electronic format is deposited immediately upon initial publication in at least one online repository that is supported by an academic institution, scholarly society, government agency, or other well-established organization that seeks to enable open access, unrestricted distribution, interoperability, and long-term archiving (for the biomedical sciences, PubMed Central is such a repository).</em></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">The <a href="http://openaccess.mpg.de/286432/Berlin-Declaration">Berlin Declaration on Open Access to Knowledge in the Sciences and Humanities</a> is another significant milestone of the Open Access movement. Globally, USA and Europe have been instrumental in adopting open access policies across a wide range of institutions. Illustratively, the US’ <a href="file:///E:/CIS/publicaccess.nih.gov/policy.htm">National Institute of Health open access policy</a> is a comprehensive document detailing every aspect of the policy and its implications. Several premier academic institutions (<a href="http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/research/hoap">Harvard</a>) under experts (<a href="http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/overview.htm">Peter Suber)</a> have drafted documents containing <a href="http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/node/8603">guidelines on drafting a suitable open access policy.</a></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;"> The advantages of adopting an open access policy are manifold- free access to scientific research irrespective of subscription affiliation, decrease in publishing and research costs for industry and academia; It has also been argued that <a href="http://eprints.rclis.org/5463/1/do_open_access_CRL.pdf">restricting access to government funded research is unethical</a>, since scientific research conducted by government agencies is partly, if not entirely, funded by the taxpayers’ money. Further, <a href="http://editors.cis-india.org/openness/publications/open-access-scholarly-literature.pdf">adoption of open access alone could improve visibility and impact of Indian science</a>,</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Open Access and Intellectual Property</strong></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Intellectual property is the essential instrument used to effect principles of open access. The extent of rights under copyright which the owner chooses to exercise over scholarly publication in question<a id="_GoBack" name="_GoBack"></a> determines whether a publication may be openly accessed or not. Traditionally, journal publishers ran an inequitable policy which required all publication and reproduction rights (copyright) to be exclusively transferred by the author or institution to the publishers in consideration of publication in reputed journals. This practice created artificial and expensive barriers to scholarly research. Contrast this with open access principles wherein to provide open access- Generally, the author or the institution (depending on the jurisdictional copyright laws) retain certain rights in the publication, whilst permitting zero-barrier access to their research. This requires careful balancing and distribution of rights between three stakeholders- author, institution and the publisher.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>About the DST/DBT’s Open Access Policy</strong></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">The Open Access Policy Document for DBT/ DST was drafted by the Open Access Policy Committee on a specific request from Dr. VijayRaghavan, Secretary, DBT. The Policy was drafted after multiple rounds of consultation with Ministry officials, eminent academics and experts on open access, government officials with prior experience of set-up of institutional repositories and CIS. Prof Subbiah Arunachalam led the discussions along with the Open Access Policy Committee and brought different perspectives to the fore. The Policy may be accessed <a href="http://dbtindia.nic.in/docs/DBT-DST_Open_Access_Policy.pdf">here</a>. The Policy will be applicable to publications in peer reviewed journals, and aims to maximise the distribution of these publications by providing free online access by depositing them in a gratis open access repository (deemed mandatory). Authors can make their publications open access by publishing in an open access journal, or if they choose to publish in a subscription journal, by posting the final accepted manuscript to an online repository. The Policy suggests a maximum embargo period placed on authors by journals to not exceed one year. It also addresses the methodology of depositing in a repository and provides for a proposed copyright addendum between the author and publisher.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>CIS’ Contribution</strong></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">CIS participated in discussions along with experts brought on board by Prof. Subbiah Arunachalam to develop and review an open access policy for the purposes of DST and DBT. CIS, <em>inter alia,</em> commented on the legality of clauses in the policy pertaining to Indian copyright law and supplied a note on utilisation of ‘public domain’ in open access policies. Legally, a work is said to have entered the public domain when it is free from copyright protection. The note recommended usage of the phrase “made available to public” as opposed to “public domain” since the said policy permitted the institution and/or author to retain rights in the scientific paper. You may access the note <a href="https://mail-attachment.googleusercontent.com/attachment/u/0/?ui=2&ik=6a817f82b1&view=att&th=1468bf26575deb58&attid=0.1&disp=inline&safe=1&zw&saduie=AG9B_P-PBLwn5kd8ui-u7aB5Qa9u&sadet=1405338416902&sads=yB4NV3RRIEXQyLVsYEewjYZfm4I">here</a>.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>
For more details visit <a href='http://editors.cis-india.org/openness/blog-old/department-of-biotechnology-and-department-of-science-ministry-of-science-and-technology-government-of-india-release-open-access-policy'>http://editors.cis-india.org/openness/blog-old/department-of-biotechnology-and-department-of-science-ministry-of-science-and-technology-government-of-india-release-open-access-policy</a>
</p>
No publishersinhaOpen Access2014-12-26T11:20:59ZBlog EntryOpenness
http://editors.cis-india.org/telecom/knowledge-repository-on-internet-access/openness
<b>The philosophy of openness is one that concerns itself with shifting power from centralized authorities of knowledge like owners to the community with its varied components like users, producers or contributors.</b>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">Many people think of openness as being merely about the digitization of pre-existing knowledge or content but it is far more than that. Often, as Nishant Shah puts it in his article “Big Data, People's Lives, and the Importance of Openness”<a href="#fn1" name="fr1">[1] </a>“it (openness) is about claiming access to knowledge and information hidden behind paywalls and gateways that are often produced using public resources.” Openness is important for the same reasons that access to knowledge is important, but it takes many different forms. We will be discussing Open Content, Open Access, Open (Government) Data, Free and Open Source Software and Open Standards.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">After a quick narration of what we mean by commons and contents, we move on to open access to science and scholarship. We distinguish openness of knowledge as it prevails today from the public libraries of the print era and then move on to developments that led to the open access movement. We then discuss the status of open access in India and end with the bright future awaiting open access.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">The notion of the ‘commons’ (meaning open to all) has been in existence for a very long time. For example, as early as the 4<sup>th</sup> Century B C, Aristotle commented “What is common to the greatest number gets the least care!” [1] Ecologist Garret Hardin developed this notion into the ‘tragedy of the commons’ for explaining the numerous environmental crises and ecological dilemmas we face today [2]</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">Commons is defined as "resources accessible to all members of a society“. A good example of the commons is the village greens in Great Britain around which people reside and have their church and school. Then there are grazing lands for their cattle, and water bodies, which no one owns but everyone can use. The moment someone has a title deed for a piece of land he ‘encloses’ it with a fence. Even here, if that piece of land has been used for long by people to cross to the other side, the owner keeps open a narrow footpath.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">It is only three or four decades ago the commons became an object of serious study. The idea of the ‘knowledge commons’ draws upon the work of people like Elinor Orstom on ‘common pool resources,’ ‘natural resource commons’ and ‘public good’ such as forests, water systems, fisheries, grazing fields and the global atmosphere all of which are common-pool resources of immense importance for the survival of humans on this earth [3-5].Ostrom and her colleague Charlotte Hess also contributed to knowledge commons and in particular to our understanding of scholarly communication and cultural resources as commons. Their work brought out the essential role of collective action and self-governance in making commons work [6].</p>
<p><b>Definitions</b><br />Before talking about knowledge commons let us define these terms:</p>
<ol>
<li style="text-align: justify; ">Knowledge includes all useful ideas, information and data in whatever form in which it is expressed or obtained, and useful knowledge can be indigenous, scientific, scholarly, or non-academic. It also includes music and the visual and theatrical arts – humanity’s literary, artistic and cultural heritage. </li>
<li style="text-align: justify; ">Ostrom and Hess define a commons as a resource shared by a group of people that is subject to social dilemmas.</li>
<li style="text-align: justify; ">Social dilemma in the context of knowledge includes enclosure by intellectual property (IP) regulations, loss due to inadequate preservation or simple neglect, and different laws being applied to print and digital forms. </li>
<li style="text-align: justify; ">Open Knowledge Definition defines openness in relation to content and data thus: A piece of content or data is open if anyone is free to use, reuse, and redistribute it without technical or legal restrictions, subject only, at most, to the requirement to attribute and/ or share-alike [http://opendefinition.org]. And ‘digital commons’ is defined as "information and knowledge resources that are collectively created and owned or shared between or among a community and that is (generally freely) available to third parties. Thus, they are oriented to favour use and reuse, rather than to exchange as a commodity."</li>
</ol>
<h3>Free and Open Software</h3>
<p style="text-align: justify; "><b>Definition</b><br />Free and open-source software (FOSS) is software that is both free and open source. Free software is software for which the source code is released when it is distributed. The users are free to adapt study and distribute the software.<a href="#fn2" name="fr2">[2]</a>Most commercially available software is proprietary software so the free software is mostly developed cooperatively. The free software movement was launched in 1983 which was a social movement for the attaining these freedoms for software users. It basically draws upon the 1970’s hacker culture but the founder of the movement Richard Stallman started the GNU Project in 1983.<a href="#fn3" name="fr3">[3]</a> Open source software (OSS) is released with its source code and the license is one where the copyright holder extends the right for users to study, change and distribute the software to anyone and for any purpose. OSS is also often developed collaboratively in a public endeavor. Free software licenses and open-source licenses are often used by many software packages instead of proprietary software licenses which have restrictive copyrights. Usually all software and bug fixes under this are also made available under the same free and open licenses which creates a kind of living software. These types of software are essential for society moving forward because they help reduce costs, increases productivity, enhance security, and improve compliance standards. FOSS presents the lowest risk among software systems because they have the best long term investment protection.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">UNESCO has recognized the importance of FOSS as a practical tool in development and in achieving the Millennium Development Goals (MDG).<a href="#fn4" name="fr4">[4] </a></p>
<p>It recognizes that:</p>
<ol>
<li style="text-align: justify; ">Software plays a crucial role in access to information and knowledge;</li>
<li style="text-align: justify; ">Different software models, including proprietary, open-source and free software, have many possibilities to increase competition, access by users, diversity of choice and to enable all users to develop solutions which best meet their requirements;</li>
<li style="text-align: justify; ">The development and use of open, interoperable, non-discriminatory standards for information handling and access are important elements in the development of effective infostructures;</li>
<li style="text-align: justify; ">The community approaches to software development has great potential to contribute to operationalize the concept of Knowledge Societies;</li>
<li style="text-align: justify; ">The Free and Open Source Software (FOSS) model provides interesting tools and processes with which people can create, exchange, share and exploit software and knowledge efficiently and effectively;</li>
<li style="text-align: justify; ">FOSS can play an important role as a practical instrument for development as its free and open aspirations make it a natural component of development efforts in the context of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs);</li>
<li style="text-align: justify; ">Consistent support plays an important role in the success and sustainability of FOSS solutions;</li>
<li style="text-align: justify; ">All software choices should be based upon the solution's ability to achieve the best overall return on technology investments.<a href="#fn5" name="fr5">[5] </a></li>
</ol>
<p style="text-align: justify; "><b>Organizations</b><a href="#fn6" name="fr6">[6]</a><br />There is no rule that excludes anyone who wants to support FOSS from doing so. Usually, however, the trend shows that non-profit organizations (NPO), academic institutions, developers and support/service businesses invest their time and resources in these projects. Here are some of the important organizations that have supported FOSS:</p>
<ol>
<li style="text-align: justify; ">FLOSS Manuals -- FLOSS Manuals is a community that creates free manuals for free and open source software.</li>
<li style="text-align: justify; ">FOSS Learning Centre – They are an international NPO that is a center for information and training about FOSS.</li>
<li style="text-align: justify; ">GOSLING - "Getting Open Source Logic Into Governments" is a knowledge sharing community assist with the introduction and use of free/libre software solutions in the Canadian Federal and other government operations.</li>
<li style="text-align: justify; ">International Open Source Network -- "The vision is that developing countries in the Asia-Pacific Region can achieve rapid and sustained economic and social development by using effective FOSS ICT solutions to bridge the digital divide."</li>
<li style="text-align: justify; ">Open Source for America – This is a combination of NGO’s, academic institutions, associations, technology industry leaders that advocates and helps raise the awareness of FOSS in the US Government.</li>
<li style="text-align: justify; ">Open Source Initiative – This was the organization that first gave mass market appeal to the term “open source. They are the recognized certification authority for whether or not a given software license is FOSS.</li>
<li style="text-align: justify; ">Open Source Software Institute – This is another NPO that consists of government, academic and corporate representation and they encourage open-source solutions in U.S. government agencies and academic entities.</li>
<li style="text-align: justify; ">OSS Watch – This is a public institution in the UK which provides advice on the development and licensing of FOSS.</li>
<li style="text-align: justify; ">SchoolForge – They offer references to references to open texts and lessons, open curricula, and free open source software in education.</li>
</ol>
<p style="text-align: justify; "><b>Types of Licenses</b><a href="#fn7" name="fr7">[7]</a><br />Source Code: This is a code that is readable by humans. It has statements like:*Simple Hello Button () method.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">When a computer is running, a source code is translated into binary code which is not readable or modifiable by humans. It reads something like:01011001101.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">The licenses that will illuminate where FOSS licenses stand relatively are GPL licenses (that are the most restrictive) and BSD licenses (which are almost public domain). The primary distinction between these two is the way in which source code is treated as opposed to binary code.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">The GPL license differed from prior ones because they stipulated that the source code has to be provided along with the binary code which meant that the licensees could use and change the source code. This requirement was an important part of the domino effect in driving innovation since old industrial standards did not apply to software. However, though this freedom with binaries produced exists, there are no requirements to make the source available. The prime difference between the two being that legally, the release of the BSD source is completely at the discretion of the releasing entity.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">The following table compares different kinds of FOSS licenses. In order to be considered as such, the bare minimum is for the licenses to pass the first four tests in the table.<a href="#fn8" name="fr8">[8]</a></p>
<table class="plain">
<tbody>
<tr>
<th></th><th>Source must be free</th><th>Must retain copyright notice</th><th>Can sell executable without restriction</th><th>Modifications covered under license</th><th>Prevented from use for software or data locking</th><th>Linked code covered under license</th><th>New updates to license will apply</th><th>Patent retaliation, loss of use if suit brought</th><th>Can sell source code</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>GPL V3</td>
<td>Y</td>
<td>Y</td>
<td>Y</td>
<td>Y</td>
<td>Y</td>
<td>N</td>
<td>Y</td>
<td>?</td>
<td>N</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Mozilla (V1.1)</td>
<td>Y</td>
<td>Y</td>
<td>Y</td>
<td>Y</td>
<td>N</td>
<td>N</td>
<td>Y</td>
<td>Y</td>
<td>N</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>BSD</td>
<td>Y</td>
<td>Y</td>
<td>Y</td>
<td>Y</td>
<td>N</td>
<td>N</td>
<td>N</td>
<td>N</td>
<td>Y</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p style="text-align: justify; "><b>Differences</b><a href="#fn9" name="fr9">[9]</a><br />The most salient distinction between the two types of software comes from the principles behind them. For the “open source” movement, the idea that software should be open source is a practical one and isn’t concerned with the ethical dimensions behind the question. For the free software movement, the problem behind software licenses is a social one for which free software is the solution.</p>
<table class="listing">
<tbody>
<tr>
<th><img src="http://editors.cis-india.org/home-images/Openness.png" alt="Openness" class="image-inline" title="Openness" /></th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Openness poster depicting the 4 freedoms of Free and Open Source Software. By 2016 approximately 86% of all video content will be internet video.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h3 style="text-align: justify; ">FOSS in India</h3>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">Many support groups like the Free Software Movement of India and various NGO’s have spawned in order to campaign for FOSS in India.<a href="#fn10" name="fr10">[10] </a></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">The National Resource Centre for Free and Open Source Software (NRCFOSS) was an initiative by the DIT in 2005 in order to be the central point for all FOSS related activities in India. Through awareness campaigns, training programs and workshops a large collection of FOSS trained teacher and student communities have been formed across India.<a href="#fn11" name="fr11">[11] </a>In many curricula in technical institutes, FOSS is even offered as an elective. The Department of Electronics and Information Technology (DEITY) boasts of “BOSS – Bharat Operating System Solutions External website that opens in a new windowis a GNU/Linux based localized Operating System distribution that supports 18 Indian languages - Assamese, Bengali, Bodo, Gujarati, Hindi, Kannada, Kashmiri, Konkani, Maithili, Malayalam, Manipuri, Marathi, Oriya, Punjabi, Sanskrit, Tamil, Telegu and Urdu.”<a href="#fn12" name="fr12">[12] </a></p>
<table class="listing">
<tbody>
<tr>
<th>Case Study: Curoverse<a href="#fn13" name="fr13">[13] </a></th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: justify; ">Open source software is a mainstream enterprise that can be both beneficial to society, academia and companies. This was the underlying assumption when $1.5 million was invested in an open source genomics tool project at Curoverse, Boston. The Personal Genome Project (PGP) endeavors to sequence 100,000 human genomes in the U.S. The storage of these massive amounts of data is facilitated by Arvados, which is an open source computational platform. Curoverse, which is a product of the PGP is planning to release its commercial products next year and in anticipation, Boston Global Ventures and Common Angels have invested $1.5 M. The PGP, according to George Church (the creator), the database needed to hold almost one Exabyte of data for the researchers to efficiently analyze the data. Some of the functions necessary were the ability to share the data between research centers and to make sure that complex analyses could be reproduced. In order to satisfy these requirements, the software had to open source. Although similar to the new age cloud computing the software Arvados was programmed to hold extremely high amounts of genetic data. It can run on both public and private cloud services, so it’ll be available both on Amazon and other cloud platforms. Although this software was developed in 2006, the project hadn’t officially taken off but this investment in open source software coming from high impact technology companies like Boston Global Ventures.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="listing">
<tbody>
<tr>
<th>Case Study: Open-Sorcerers<a href="#fn14" name="fr14">[14] </a></th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">Many magical tricks can be protected by copyright. For example, Teller from Penn and teller fame is suing a Dutch magician for allegedly stealing his “shadow” illusion. Litigating on these matters is proving to be extremely difficult so magicians, like programmers are taking the route of open-source licenses. This doesn’t mean that they would just share magical secrets in violation of the Alliance of Magicians on a forum like YouTube. This is more congruous with what open source technology activists advocate which is the idea of collaboration. If magicians work with more technologists, artists, programmers, scientists and other magicians, there could be better illusions and a general cross-pollination of magical ideas among various disciplines. For this, the technology behind these illusions needs to be freely available and the licenses have to open up for open sorcerers.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">Techno-illusionist Marco Tempest and Kieron Kirlkland from a digital creativity development studio in Bristol are the main proponents of open source in magic. Tempest has stated that famous magicians in the status quo contract illusion engineers, technologists or other magicians to design new effects for their acts and make them all sign secrecy agreements and the creators have no ownership of what they have created. This has been detrimental to innovation and perfection of techniques as they are not allowed to refine their work over time. If the ownership is instead shared and freely available to the co-creators and developers, then it would lead to better illusions and speed up the process faster.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h3 style="text-align: justify; ">Open Standards</h3>
<p style="text-align: justify; "><b>Definition</b><br />Interoperability has many social, technical and economic benefits and interoperability on the internet magnifies these benefits many fold. Interoperability, unlike a lot of other economically beneficial changes, was not a result of the adapting markets. It came about in what modest existence it has, through a concerted effort from processes and practices by the IETF, the W3C and the Interop conferences among others.<a href="#fn15" name="fr15">[15] </a></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">Open standards are applicable to any application programming interface, a hardware interface, a file format, a communication protocol, a specification of user interactions, or any other form of data interchange and program control.<a href="#fn16" name="fr16">[16]</a></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">The billions of dollars of capital investment in the past few years since the internet’s advent into the mainstream has come from an understanding of very basic laws of the market. Metcalfe’s law says the value of interoperability increases geometrically with the number of compatible participants. Reed’s law states that a network’s utility exponentially increases as the number of subgroups increase.The problem with having standards for this interoperability is that the open standard either needs to be most open or most inclusive and unlike in many other cases we have discussed, here it can’t be both. If it wants to be inclusive, it should have standards that permit any license that is free, closed or open. It should have standards that have any type of implementation under any implementor.<a href="#fn17" name="fr17">[17] </a>On the other hand, if it to support the idea of openness, the best practices will exclude certain practices in the market like proprietary standards. Though traditionally meant to incentivize compliance by claiming a set of standards to be best practices, under this, some try to be unique in the market by adding on additional properties that are not a part of the open standards but claim that they implement “open standards” for strategic advantage. Others even defy the logic of having standards by claiming that their new additions embody open standards better.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">As we have seen, due to the various conceptions of the good in open standards, there isn’t a universally accepted definition of open standards. The FOSS community largely accepts the following definition with contention from the industry.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">[S]ubject to full public assessment and use without constraints [royalty-free] in a manner equally available to all parties; without any components or extensions that have dependencies on formats or protocols that do not meet the definition of an open standard themselves; free from legal or technical clauses that limit its utilization by any party or in any business model; managed and further developed independently of any single vendor in a process open to the equal participation of competitors and third parties; available in multiple complete implementations by competing vendors, or as a complete implementation equally available to all parties.<a href="#fn18" name="fr18">[18] </a></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">A standard can be considered open if it does the job of achieving the following goals. It has to increase the market for a particular technology by facilitating investment in that technology by both consumers and suppliers. It has to do this by making sure these investors don’t have to pay monopoly rent or deal with trade secret, copyright, patent or trademark problems. In retrospect, we have learned that the only standards that have achieved these goals are ones that encourage an open-source philosophy.</p>
<p>Proprietary software manufacturers, vendors and their lobbyists often provide a definition of open standards that is not in line with the above definitions on two counts (Nah, 2006).</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">One, they do not think it is necessary for an open standard to be available on a royalty-free basis as long as it is available under a “reasonable and non-discriminatory” (RAND) licence. This means that there are some patents associated with the standard and the owners of the patents have agreed to license them under reasonable and non-discriminatory terms (W3C, 2002). One example is the audio format MP3, an ISO/IEC [International Organisation for Standardisation/International Electrotechnical Commission] standard where the associated patents are owned by Thomson Consumer Electronics and the Fraunhofer Society of Germany. A developer of a game with MP3 support would have to pay USD 2,500 as royalty for using the standard. While this may be reasonable in the United States (US), it is unthinkable for an entrepreneur from Bangladesh. Additionally, RAND licences are incompatible with most FOSS licensing requirements. Simon Phipps of Sun Microsystems says that FOSS “serves as the canary in the coalmine for the word ‘open’. Standards are truly open when they can be implemented without fear as free software in an open source community” (Phipps, 2007). RAND licences also retard the growth of FOSS, since they are patented in a few countries. Despite the fact that software is not patentable in most parts of the world, the makers of various distributions of GNU/Linux do not include reverse-engineered drivers, codecs, etc., in the official builds for fear of being sued. Only the large corporation-backed distributions of GNU/Linux can afford to pay the royalties needed to include patented software in the official builds (in this way enabling an enhanced out-of-the-box experience). This has the effect of slowing the adoption of GNU/Linux, as less experienced users using community-backed distributions do not have access to the wide variety of drivers and codecs that users of other operating systems do (Disposable, 2004). This vicious circle effectively ensures negligible market presence of smaller community-driven projects by artificial reduction of competition.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">Two, proprietary software promoters do not believe that open standards should be “managed and further developed independently of any single vendor,” as the following examples will demonstrate. This is equally applicable to both new and existing standards.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">Microsoft’s Office Open XML (OOXML) is a relatively new standard which the FOSS community sees as a redundant alternative to the existing Open Document Format (ODF). During the OOXML process, delegates were unhappy with the fact that many components were specific to Microsoft technology, amongst other issues. By the end of a fast-track process at the ISO, Microsoft stands accused of committee stuffing: that is, using its corporate social responsibility wing to coax non-governmental organisations to send form letters to national standards committees, and haranguing those who opposed OOXML. Of the twelve new national board members that joined ISO after the OOXML process started, ten voted “yes” in the first ballot (Weir, 2007). The European Commission, which has already fined Microsoft USD 2.57 billion for anti-competitive behaviour, is currently investigating the allegations of committee stuffing (Calore, 2007). Microsoft was able to use its financial muscle and monopoly to fast-track the standard and get it approved. In this way it has managed to subvert the participatory nature of a standards-setting organisation. So even though Microsoft is ostensibly giving up control of its primary file format to the ISO, it still exerts enormous influence over the future of the standard.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">HTML, on the other hand, is a relatively old standard which was initially promoted by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), an international community of techies. However, in 2002, seven years after the birth of HTML 2.0, the US Department of Justice alleged that Microsoft used the strategy of “embrace, extend, and extinguish” (US DoJ, 1999) in an attempt to create a monopoly among web browsers. It said that Microsoft used its dominance in the desktop operating system market to achieve dominance in the web-authoring tool and browser market by introducing proprietary extensions to the HTML standard (Festa, 2002). In other words, financial and market muscle have been employed by proprietary software companies – in these instances, Microsoft – to hijack open standards.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; "><b>The Importance</b><br />There are many technical, social and ethical reasons for the adoption and use of open standards. Some of the reasons that should concern governments and other organisations utilising public money – such as multilaterals, bilaterals, civil society organisations, research organisations and educational institutions – are listed below.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; "><b>Innovation/competitiveness:</b> Open standards are the bases of most technological innovations, the best example of which would be the internet itself (Raymond, 2000). The building blocks of the internet and associated services like the world wide web are based on open standards such as TCP/IP, HTTP, HTML, CSS, XML, POP3 and SMTP. Open standards create a level playing field that ensures greater competition between large and small, local and foreign, and new and old companies, resulting in innovative products and services. Instant messaging, voice over internet protocol (VoIP), wikis, blogging, file-sharing and many other applications with large-scale global adoption were invented by individuals and small and medium enterprises, and not by multinational corporations.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; "><b>Greater interoperability:</b> Open standards ensure the ubiquity of the internet experience by allowing different devices to interoperate seamlessly. It is only due to open standards that consumers are able to use products and services from competing vendors interchangeably and simultaneously in a seamless fashion, without having to learn additional skills or acquire converters. For instance, the mail standard IMAP can be used from a variety of operating systems (Mac, Linux and Windows), mail clients (Evolution, Thunderbird, Outlook Express) and web-based mail clients. Email would be a completely different experience if we were not able to use our friends’ computers, our mobile phones, or a cybercafé to check our mail.</p>
<p><b> </b></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; "><b>Customer autonomy: </b>Open standards also empower consumers and transform them into co-creators or “prosumers” (Toffler, 1980). Open standards prevent vendor lock-in by ensuring that the customer is able to shift easily from one product or service provider to another without significant efforts or costs resulting from migration.</p>
<p><b> </b></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; "><b>Reduced cost: </b>Open standards eliminate patent rents, resulting in a reduction of total cost of ownership. This helps civil society develop products and services for the poor.</p>
<p><b> </b></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; "><b>Reduced obsolescence: </b>Software companies can leverage their clients’ dependence on proprietary standards to engineer obsolescence into their products and force their clients to keep upgrading to newer versions of software. Open standards ensure that civil society, governments and others can continue to use old hardware and software, which can be quite handy for sectors that are strapped for financial resources.</p>
<p><b> </b></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; "><b>Accessibility: </b>Operating system-level accessibility infrastructure such as magnifiers, screen readers and text-to-voice engines require compliance to open standards. Open standards therefore ensure greater access by people with disabilities, the elderly, and neo-literate and illiterate users. Examples include the US government’s Section 508 standards, and the World Wide Web Consortium’s (W3C) WAI-AA standards.</p>
<p><b> </b></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; "><b>Free access to the state:</b> Open standards enable access without forcing citizens to purchase or pirate software in order to interact with the state. This is critical given the right to information and the freedom of information legislations being enacted and implemented in many countries these days.</p>
<p><b> </b></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; "><b>Privacy/security:</b> Open standards enable the citizen to examine communications between personal and state-controlled devices and networks. For example, open standards allow users to see whether data from their media player and browser history are being transmitted along to government servers when they file their tax returns. Open standards also help prevent corporate surveillance.</p>
<p><b> </b></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; "><b>Data longevity and archiving: </b>Open standards ensure that the expiry of software licences does not prevent the state from accessing its own information and data. They also ensure that knowledge that has been passed on to our generation, and the knowledge generated by our generation, is safely transmitted to all generations to come.</p>
<p><b> </b></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; "><b>Media monitoring:</b> Open standards ensure that the voluntary sector, media monitoring services and public archives can keep track of the ever-increasing supply of text, audio, video and multimedia generated by the global news, entertainment and gaming industries. In democracies, watchdogs should be permitted to reverse-engineer proprietary standards and archive critical ephemeral media in open standards.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">Principles<a href="#fn19" name="fr19">[19] </a></p>
<ol>
<li style="text-align: justify; ">Availability:Open Standards should be available for everyone to access.</li>
<li style="text-align: justify; ">Maximize End-User Choice:Open Standards should lead to a competitive and fair market and shouldn’t restrict consumer choices.</li>
<li style="text-align: justify; ">No Royalty:Open Standards should be free of cost for any entity to implement while there maybe some fee for certification of compliance.</li>
<li style="text-align: justify; ">No Discrimination:Open Standards should not show preference to one implementer over another as previously discussed except for the tautological reason of the compliance with the standard. The authorities that are certifying these implementers should offer a low or zero-cost implementation scheme.</li>
<li style="text-align: justify; ">Extension or Subset:Open Standards may be allowed in a subset or can allow for extensions form but certifying authorities can decline from certifying subset implementations and have specific conditions for extensions.</li>
</ol>
<table class="listing">
<tbody>
<tr>
<th><img src="http://editors.cis-india.org/home-images/HTTP.png" alt="HTTP" class="image-inline" title="HTTP" /></th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>HTTP, HTML, TCP/IP, SSL, etc., are all royalty free open standards and are building blocks on the Internet.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<ol> </ol>
<p style="text-align: justify; "><b>OSI Criteria<a href="#fn20" name="fr20">[20] </a></b><br />In addition, to make sure that the Open Standards also promote an open source philosophy, the Open Source Initiative (OSI), which is the steward of the open source definition, has a set of criteria for open standards.</p>
<ol>
<li style="text-align: justify; ">“<b>No Intentional Secrets:</b> The standard MUST NOT withhold any detail necessary for interoperable implementation. As flaws are inevitable, the standard MUST define a process for fixing flaws identified during implementation and interoperability testing and to incorporate said changes into a revised version or superseding version of the standard to be released under terms that do not violate the OSR.</li>
<li style="text-align: justify; "><b>Availability:</b> The standard MUST be freely and publicly available (e.g., from a stable web site) under royalty-free terms at reasonable and non-discriminatory cost.</li>
<li><b>Patents:</b> All patents essential to implementation of the standard must:<br /> - be licensed under royalty-free terms for unrestricted use, or<br /> - be covered by a promise of non-assertion when practiced by open source software</li>
<li><b>No Agreements:</b> There must not be any requirement for execution of a license agreement, NDA, grant, click-through, or any other form of paperwork to deploy conforming implementations of the standard.</li>
<li><b>No OSR-Incompatible Dependencies:</b> Implementation of the standard must not require any other technology that fails to meet the criteria of this Requirement.”</li>
</ol>
<p><b>W3C Criteria</b><a href="#fn21" name="fr21">[21]</a><br />The W3C also has a list of criteria in order to be called “Open Standards”.</p>
<ol style="text-align: justify; ">
<li><b>Transparency</b> (due process is public, and all technical discussions, meeting minutes, are archived and referencable in decision making)</li>
<li><b>Relevance</b> (new standardization is started upon due analysis of the market needs, including requirements phase, e.g. accessibility, multi-linguism)</li>
<li><b>Openness</b> (anybody can participate, and everybody does: industry, individual, public, government bodies, academia, on a worldwide scale)</li>
<li><b>Impartiality and consensus</b> (guaranteed fairness by the process and the neutral hosting of the W3C organization, with equal weight for each participant)</li>
<li style="text-align: justify; "><b>Availability</b> (free access to the standard text, both during development and at final stage, translations, and clear IPR rules for implementation, allowing open source development in the case of Internet/Web technologies)</li>
<li><b>Maintenance</b> (ongoing process for testing, errata, revision, permanent access)”</li>
</ol>
<table class="listing">
<tbody>
<tr>
<th>
<h3>Case Study: Digital Colonialism</h3>
</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: justify; ">Imagine back to a world in which a foreign power leases out a piece of land and you grow crops on it. You have produced crops there for many seasons and used the sales to buy a nice windmill. One day, the lease expires and the foreign power come and seizes not only your crops but also your windmill. Now if we apply the same story in a proprietary standards regime, imagine you were to license a copy of Microsoft Office for 28 days. You have stored documents in .doc, .xls and .ppt format. On the day that the license expires, you will not only lose your ability to use Word, Excel and PowerPoint, you will in fact lose all your documents in .doc, .xls and .ppt formats!</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p><b>Additional Readings</b><b> </b></p>
<ol>
<li>Internet Engineering Task Force, <i>OpenStandards.net</i>,<a href="http://www.openstandards.net/viewOSnet2C.jsp?showModuleName=Organizations&mode=1&acronym=IETF">http://www.openstandards.net/viewOSnet2C.jsp?showModuleName=Organizations&mode=1&acronym=IETF</a></li>
<li>Standards, <i>W3C</i>, <a href="http://www.w3.org/standards/">http://www.w3.org/standards/</a></li>
<li>Open Standards, <a href="http://www.open-std.org/">http://www.open-std.org/</a></li>
<li>Pranesh Prakash, “Report on Open Standards for GISW 2008”, <i>Centre for Internet and Society</i>, 2008, <a href="http://editors.cis-india.org/publications-automated/cis/sunil/Open-Standards-GISW-2008.pdf/at_download/file">http://cis-india.org/publications-automated/cis/sunil/Open-Standards-GISW-2008.pdf/at_download/file</a></li>
<li>Sunil Abraham, “Response to the Draft National Policy on Open Standards for e-Governance”, <i>Centre for Internet and Society</i>, 2008, <a href="http://editors.cis-india.org/openness/publications/standards/the-response">http://cis-india.org/openness/publications/standards/the-response</a></li>
<li>Pranesh Prakash, “Second Response to Draft National Policy on Open Standards for e-Governance”, Centre for Internet and Society, 2008,<a href="http://editors.cis-india.org/openness/publications/standards/second-response">http://cis-india.org/openness/publications/standards/second-response </a></li>
<li>Definition of “Open Standards”, <i>International Telecommunication Union</i>, <a href="http://www.itu.int/en/ITU-T/ipr/Pages/open.aspx">http://www.itu.int/en/ITU-T/ipr/Pages/open.aspx</a></li>
</ol>
<h3>Open Content</h3>
<p style="text-align: justify; "><b>Definition</b><br />The premise of an Open Content license is that, unlike most copyright licenses, which impose stringent conditions on the usage of the work, the Open Content licenses enable users to have certain freedoms by granting them rights. Some of these rights are usually common to all Open Content licenses, such as the right to copy the work and the right to distribute the work. Depending on the particular license, the user may also have the right to modify the work, create derivative works, perform the work, display the work and distribute the derivative works.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">When choosing a license, the first thing that you will have to decide is the extent to which you are willing to grant someone rights over your work. For instance, let us suppose you have created a font. If you do not have a problem if people create other versions of it, then you can choose a license that grants the user all rights. If, on the other hand, you are willing to allow people to copy the font and distribute it, but you do not want them to change the typeface or create versions of it, then you can choose a more restrictive license that only grants them the first two rights.</p>
<p>Most open content licenses share a few common features that distinguish them from traditional copyright licenses.</p>
<p>These can be understood in the following ways:</p>
<ul>
<li>Basis of the license/ validity of the license. (Discussed above)</li>
<li>Rights granted. (Discussed above)</li>
<li>Derivative works.d. Commercial/ non-commercial usage.e. Procedural requirements imposed.</li>
<li>Appropriate credits.</li>
<li>They do not effect fair use rights.</li>
<li>Absence of warranty.</li>
<li>Standard legal clauses</li>
</ul>
<p style="text-align: justify; "><b>Derivate Works</b><br />Any work that is based on an original work created by you is a derivative work. The key difference between different kinds of Open Content licenses is the method that they adopt to deal with the question of derivative works. This issue is an inheritance from the licensing issues in the Free Software environment. The GNU GPL, for instance, makes it mandatory that any derivative work created from a work licensed under the GNU GPL must also be licensed under the GNU GPL. This is a means of ensuring that no one can create a derivative work from a free work which can then be licensed with restrictive terms and conditions. In other words, it ensures that a work that has been made available in the public domain cannot be taken outside of the public domain.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">On the other hand, you may have a license like the Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD) software license that may allow a person who creates a derivative work to license that derivative work under a proprietary or closed source license. This ability to control a derivative work through a license is perhaps the most important aspect of the Open Content licenses. They ensure, in a sense, a self perpetuity. Since a person cannot make a derivative work without your permission, your permission is granted on the condition that s/he also allows others to use the derivative work freely. In Open Content licenses, the right to create a derivative work normally includes the right to create it in all media. Thus, if I license a story under an Open Content license, I also grant the user the right to create an audio rendition of it. The obligation to ensure that the derivative work is also licensed under the terms and conditions of the Open Content license is not applicable, however, in cases where the work is merely aggregated into a collection / anthology / compilation. For instance, suppose that I have drawn and written a comic called X, which is being included in a general anthology. In such a case, the other comics in the anthology may be licensed under different terms, and the Open Content license is not applicable to them and will only be applicable to my comic X in the anthology.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; "><b>Commercial / Non-Commercial Usage<br /></b>Another important aspect of Open Content licenses is the question of commercial / non-commercial usages. For instance, I may license a piece of video that I have made, but only as long as the user is using it for non-commercial purposes. On the other hand, a very liberal license may grant the person all rights, including the right to commercially exploit the work.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; "><b>Procedural Requirements Imposed<br /></b>Most Open Content licenses require a very strict adherence to procedures that have to be followed by the end user if s/he wants to distribute the work, and this holds true even for derivative works. The licenses normally demand that a copy of the license accompanies the work, or the inclusion of some sign or symbol which indicates the nature of the license that the work is being distributed under, for instance, and information about where this license may be obtained. This procedure is critical to ensure that all the rights granted and all the obligations imposed under the license are also passed onto third parties who acquire the work.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; "><b>Appropriate Credits<br /></b>The next procedural requirement that has to be strictly followed is that there should be appropriate credits given to the author of the work. This procedure applies in two scenarios. In the first scenario, when the end user distributes the work to a third party, then s/he should ensure that the original author is duly acknowledged and credited. The procedure also applies when the end user wants to modify the work or create a derivative work. Then, the derivative work should clearly mention the author of the original and also mention where the original can be found.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">The importance of this clause arises from the fact that, while Open Content licenses seek to create an alternative ethos of sharing and collaboration, it also understands the importance of crediting the author. Very often, in the absence of monetary incentive, other motivating factors such as recognition, reputation and honour become very important. Open Content licenses, far from ignoring the rights of the author, insist on strict procedures so that these authorial rights are respected. You may copy and distribute the Document in any medium, either commercially or non-commercially, provided that this License, the copyright notices, and the license notice saying this license applies to the document are reproduced in all copies, and that you add no other conditions whatsover to those of this License. You may not use technical measures to obstruct or control the reading or further copying of the copies you make or distribute.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; "><b>Open content licenses do not effect fair use rights<br /></b>Under copyright law, there is an exception to infringement and this is known as the fair use exception. Fair use exceptions generally include using portions for critique or review, and certain non-commercial or educational academic uses etc. Open content licenses make it clear that 48 49the terms and conditions of the license do not affect your fair use rights. Thus even if someone is in disagreement with the terms and conditions, and refuses to enter into the open content license, s/he may still have the freedom to use the work to the extent that is allowed by the principles of his/her fair use rights.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; "><b>Absence of warranty<br /></b>Since more often than not the work is being made available at no financial cost and also gives the user certain freedoms, most open content licenses have a standard clause which states that the work is being provided without any warranty or on an ‘as is’ basis. The licensor cannot be in a position to provide any warranty on the work. A few licenses however provide the end-user the option of providing a warranty on services, or a warranty on the derivative work so long as that warranty is one between the licensee and the third party.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b>Standard legal clauses<br /></b>A few other clauses that appear at the end of most open content licenses are the standard legal clauses that are included in most legal agreements, and you don’t have to worry too much about them while choosing a license.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">These generally include:</p>
<ol>
<li>Severability: This means that even if one portion of the license is held to be invalid the other portions will still continue to have effect.</li>
<li>Limitation on liability: The licenses normally state that the licensor will not be liable for anything arising from the use of the work. Thus, for instance, an end-user cannot claim that he suffered mental trauma as a result of the work.</li>
<li>The licenses do not allow you to modify any portion of the license while redistributing works, etc.</li>
<li>Termination: Most licenses state that the rights granted to the licensee are automatically terminated the moment s/he violates any obligation under the license. </li>
</ol>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; "><b>Libraries as Content Providers and the Role of Technology</b><br />Content is for people’s use. First it was the library which facilitated access to knowledge for the use by the lay public. The first among the five laws enunciated by the famous Indian librarian Ranganathan [7] emphasizes this point: “Books are for use.”<span> </span>And it was technology which enabled large scale production of content in the form of books and subsequently facilitated ease of access.<span> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; ">Let us take text as content first. Before Gutenberg invented printing using movable types (c. 1436-1440) scribes used to write on vellum by hand. It was a painfully slow process and the reach was very limited. Gutenberg brought about probably the greatest game changing technology which within a very few years revolutionized many aspects of human life and history like never before.<span> </span>Peter Drucker has captured this revolution beautifully in an article in <i>The Atlantic</i> [8]</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; ">The public library became the content commons in the print era. Of course, long before Gutenberg there were some great libraries, e.g., Royal Library of Alexandria (Egypt), Taxila University Library, Nalanda University Library (Bihar, India), Bayt Al Hiqma (Baghdad, Iraq) and the Imperial Library of Library of Constantinople (in the capital of the Byzantine Empire). None of these could survive the ravages of time. Thanks to printing, the numbers increased rapidly and the library movement spread to far corners of the globe.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; ">The major public libraries of today are performing a great job with huge collections. The US Library of Congress in Washington DC has 155 million items occupying 838 miles of shelf space, of which 35 million are print material, 68 million are manuscripts, and 5.4 million are maps. Besides these, LoC has 6.5 million pieces of sheet music, 13.6 million photographs and 3.4 million recordings.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; ">The British Library in London has more than 150 million items with 3 million being added annually. If one reads 5 items a day, it will take 80,000 years to complete the current collection. The National Library of Russia stocks more than 36.4 million items. The Russian State Library,<span class="apple-converted-space"><span> </span></span><span>the legendary 'Leninka,' comprises a unique collection of Russian and foreign documents in 247 languages, stocking over 43 million items.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Now every major library emphasizes improved access. Here are some excerpts from Mission statements of some large institutions around the world.</p>
<ol>
<li>British Library: “Enable access to everyone who wants to do research.”</li>
<li>National Library of the Netherlands: “Our core values are accessibility, sustainability, innovation and cooperation.”</li>
<li>German Federal Archives: “legal responsibility of permanently preserving the federal archival documents and making them available for use.”</li>
<li>Danish National Gallery: “Through accessibility, education, and exhibition.” </li>
<li>Victoria & Albert Museum: “To provide diverse audience with the best quality experience and optimum access to our collections, physically and digitally.” </li>
</ol>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; ">I have included in this sample of galleries, archives, and museums as well as all of them deal with cultural content. Indeed the Open Knowledge Foundation has a major project called OpenGLAM.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; ">In India the first network of public libraries covering a whole state was set up more than a hundred years ago by the Maharaja of Baroda (Sayaji Rao Gaekwad III), a truly benevolent king [9]. In the US though, the public library movement was essentially the gift of a ruthless industrialist who was believed to have been unfair to the workers in his steel mills. But the more than 2,000 libraries Andrew Carnegie helped set up are truly a democratizing force.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; ">Today the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation promotes libraries in the developing and emerging economies and through their Access to Knowledge award they leverage the use of ICT in libraries.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; ">While public libraries opened up a vast treasure of knowledge to a large number of people many of whom could not have had an opportunity to read even a few of the books in their collections, they had not provided ‘open access.’ That has to wait a little longer.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; ">The Internet era not only helped traditional libraries to introduce new services but also gave birth to many free and open libraries such as Internet Archive and Project Gutenberg. The Internet Archive aims to provide ‘universal access to all knowledge’ and includes texts, audio, moving images, and software as well as archived web pages, and provides specialized services for adaptive reading and information access for the blind and other persons with disabilities. Project Gutenberg encourages the creation of ebooks.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; ">The best known examples of more recent initiatives are Europeana and the Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) both of which take full advantage of the possibilities offered by the Internet. Europeana provides access to 22.6 million objects (from over 2,000 institutions). These include 14.6 million images – paintings, photographs, etc. and 8.4 million books, magazines, newspapers, diaries, etc. DPLA is not even a year old but it already provides access to more than 5.4 million items from a number of libraries, archives and museums.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; ">In India there are efforts to digitize print material, paintings, images, music, films, etc. The Digital Library of India (DLI) and the Indira Gandhi National Centre for Arts (IGCNA) are two examples. Currently, the Ministry of Culture is toying with the idea of a setting up a National Virtual Library.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; ">Apart from libraries which provide electronic access to millions, a very large number of newspapers and magazines and websites also are freely accessible on the net.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; ">Perhaps one of the most important development in Open Content that has affected people’s access to knowledge worldwide has been Wikipedia. Alexa rans it 6th among all websites globally and approximately 365 million users worldwide read Wikipedia content.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; "><b>The Creative Commons System</b><br />Critiquing a system is merely one side of the coin. Offering viable alternatives or solutions to the lacunae identified in the status quo significantly buttresses critical claims. Alternatives have moved to the internet and understood the logic of its read-write culture. New media such as YouTube and platforms like WordPress have made each one of us not mere consumers of information but potential authors, film makers. Any viable alternative must contemplate this transformation of the read-only culture of the internet to the read-write culture.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; ">Creative Commons (CC) is a non-profit organization that functions across the world to provide licensing tools to authors of creative works. The key distinguishing feature of this system is that the authors have the right to decide under what license they want to make their work available. The system was conceptualized by a number of individuals at the helm of the copyleft movement, of whom the most prominent was Professor Lawrence Lessig.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; ">The creative commons system stands for ‘Some Rights Reserved’, a deviation from the ‘all rights reserved’ model of strict copyright law. The rights to be reserved are left to the discretion of the author.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; ">Types of Licenses<br />1. Attribution License – CC BY<br />2. Attribution-ShareAlike : CC BY-SA<br />3. Attribution-NoDerivatives License : CC BY-ND <br />4. Attribution-NonCommercial License : CC BY-NC<br />5. Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike : CC BY-NC-SA<br />6. Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs- CC BY-NC-ND LICENSE</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; "><b>Exceptions to Open Content</b><br />There are two kinds of critiques that have been made about the limitations of Open Content initiatives. The first is a policy - level critique which argues that the voluntary nature of Open Content projects diverts from the larger issue of the need for urgent structural transformations in the global copyright regime. It is argued, for instance, that by relying on copyright, even in a creative variation of it, it still ends up strengthening the copyright system. The larger problem of access to knowledge and culture can only be solved through a long-term intervention in the global copyright regime from the Berne Convention to the TRIPS agreement.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; ">Open Content has also been criticized on the grounds that it privileges the traditional idea of the author at the center of knowledge / culture at the costs of focusing on users. By giving authors the right to participate in a flexible licensing policy, Open Content initiatives end up privileging the notion of the desirability of creating property rights in expressions; cultural and literary products are considered as commodities, albeit ones that the creator can decide to make accessible (or not0, much like a person can decide whether or not to invite someone into his / her house.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; ">A second-level critique asks the question of the relevance of Open Content projects, with their heavy reliance on the Internet. According to the Copysouth group:<br /><i>It is unlikely that more than a tiny percentage of the works created on a global basis in any year will be available under Creative Commons (CC) licenses. Will the percentage be even less within the Southern Hemisphere? This seems likely. Hence, CC licenses will be of limited value in meeting the expansive access needs of the South in the near future. Nor do CC licenses provide access to already published works or music that are still restricted by copyright laws; these form the overwhelming majority of current material. Focusing on CC licenses may potentially sideline or detour people from analyzing how existing copyright laws block access and how policy changes on a societal level, rather than the actions of individual "good guys", are the key to improving access and the related problems of copyright laws and ideology which are discussed elsewhere in this draft dossier. Nor does it confront the fact that many creators (e.g. most musicians, most academic authors) may be required, because of unequal bargaining power, to assign copyright in their own work to a record company or publisher as a condition of getting their work produced or published</i>.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; ">Finally, a number of Open Content initiatives have an uncomfortable take on other modes through which most people in developing nations have access to knowledge and cultural commodities, namely, piracy, and its critical relation to infrastructure. The emphasis of Open Content on the creation of new content of course raises the question of who uses the new content, and what is the relationship between such content and the question of democratization of infrastructure?</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; ">In most cases, the reason for the fall in price of electronic goods, computers, great access to material, increase in photocopiers (the infrastructure of information flows), etc. is not caused in any manner through any radical revolution such as Free Software or Open Content, but really through the easier availability of standard mainstream commodities like Microsoft software and Hollywood. Open Content is unable to provide a solution to the problem of content that is locked up within current copyright regimes. As much as one would like to promote new artists, new books, etc., the fact remains that a bulk of the people do want the latest Hollywood / Bollywood films for a cheaper cost; they do want the latest proprietary software at a cheaper cost; and they do want to read Harry Potter without paying a ransom.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; ">We can either take the moral higher ground and speak of their real information needs or provide crude theories of how they are trapped by false consciousness. Or, we can move away from these judgmental perspectives, and look at other aspects of the debate, such as the impact that the expansion of the grey market for these goods has on their general pricing, the spread of computer/IT culture, the fall in price of consumables such as blank CDs, DVDs, the growing popularity of CD-writing equipment, etc.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; ">There is no point in having a preachy and messianic approach that lectures people on the kind of access that should be given. While in an ideal world, we would also use Free Software and Open Content, this cannot be linked in a sacrosanct manner to the question of spreading access.</p>
<hr />
<h3 class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; ">Wikipedia</h3>
<hr />
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; "><b>History of Wikipedia</b><span><br />January 15</span><sup><span>th</span></sup><span> is known as Wikipedia Day to Wikipedians. On this day 13 years back in 2001, Jimmy Wales and Larry Sanger launched a wiki-based project after experimenting with another project called Nupedia. Nupedia was also a web-based project whose content was written by experts to have high quality articles comparable to that of professional encyclopedia. Nupedia approved only 21 articles in its first year, compared to Wikipedia posting 200 articles in the first month, and 18,000 in the first year.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; "> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; "><span>In concept, Wikipedia was intended to compliment Nupedia by providing additional high quality articles. In practice, Wikipedia overtook Nupedia, becoming a global project providing free information in multiple languages.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; "><span>As of January 2014, Wikipedia includes over 30.5mn articles written by 44 million registered users and numerous anonyms volunteers in 287 languages; including over 20 Indian languages.[1] Wikipedia is the world's sixth-most-popular internet property with about 450 mn unique visitors every month, according to Alexa Internet.[2]<br /></span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; "><b>Wikipedia in Indian Language<br /></b>With one of the globe’s largest populations, world’s largest democracies, dozens of languages and hundreds of dialects, rich heritage, culture, religion, architecture, art, literature and music; India presents a remarkable opportunity for Wikipedia. For the Wikimedia movement, India represents a largely untapped opportunity to dramatically expand its impact and move toward the vision of a world where everyone can freely share in – and contribute to – the sum of human knowledge.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">Although the Indian population makes up about 20% of humanity, Indians account for only 4.7% of global Internet users, and India represents only 2.0% of global pageviews and 1.6% of global page edits on Wikimedia's sites. Wikipedia projects in 20 Indic languages, will become increasingly important as the next 100 million Indians come onto the Internet, given that they are likely to be increasingly using the Internet in languages other than English. Demographically, Indic languages represent a good growth opportunity since estimates suggest only about 150 million of the total Indian population of 1.2 billion have working fluency in English.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">To drive the growth of Indian language Wikipedias, WMF initiated Access to Knowledge Programme (A2K) with Centre for Internet & Society in 2012.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b>Challenges Faced by Indian Language Wikipedias</b><span><br />The current challenges of Indian language Wikipedias can be summarized as below:</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; "><span>1. Indian language Wikipedia’s are under-represented in reader, editor & article counts.<br />2. Editor base is relatively low.Further, growth in editors and articles is still relatively low, even on a small base.<br />3. Technical barriers exist for use of Indian language Wikipedias, especially for editing.<br />4. Internet penetration low (~150mn) – though growing rapidly, and projected to double by 2015. [3]<br />Hari Prasad Nadig; a Wikipedian since 2004, an active Kannada Wikipedian, sysop on both Kannada Wikipedia and Sanskrit Wikipedia, talks about challenges and opportunities of Indian Language Wikipedias in a video.<a href="#fn22" name="fr22">[22] </a></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; "><span><b>Development of Indian Language Wikipedias</b><br />Between 2002-04, about 18 Indian language Wikipedias had started. As of Jan 2014, Hindi Wikipedia is the largest project with over 1-lakh articles and Malayalam Wikipedia has the best quality articles amongst all Indian language Wikipedia projects.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; "> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>In India there are two main organisational bodies that are:</span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">First is Wikimedia India Chapter which is an independent and not-for-profit organization that supports, promotes and educate the general Indian public about the availability and use of free and open educational content, which includes the ability to access, develop and contribute to encyclopaedias, dictionaries, books, images, etc.The chapter helps coordinate various Indian language Wikipedias & other Wikimedia projects and spread the word in India. Chapter's latest updates can be accessed from its official portal <a href="http://wiki.wikimedia.in/Main_Page">wiki.wikimedia.in</a>.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">Second is Access to Knowledge Programme at Centre for Internet & Society (CIS-A2K) that provides support to the Indian Wikimedia community on various community-led activities, including outreach events across the country, meetups, contests, conferences, and connections to GLAMs and other institutions. CIS-A2K's latest updates can be accessed from its official portal Wiki.<a href="#fn23" name="fr23">[23] </a></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; "></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; "> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>Some ideas for development of India language Wikipedias (also adopted by India Chapter and CIS-A2K) are:</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; "><span><b>Content addition/donation in Indian languages<br /></b>Particular emphasis is placed on generating and improving content in Indic languages. The Indian language Wikipedias can be strengthened by finding content that is relevant and useful to the Wikimedia movement that is (a) already in the public domain and (b) contributed to the movement under an acceptable copyright license. Such content will include, but not be limited to, dictionaries, thesauruses, encyclopedias and any other encyclopedia-like compilations.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; "> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><i><span>A precedent for content addition/donation exists in the gift of an encyclopedia to the Wikimedia movement by Kerala government in 2008 and Goa government in 2013.</span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; "><b><span>Institutional Partnerships</span></b><span><b><br /></b>To partner with higher education institutions in developing thematic projects and create a network of academicians that will actively use Indian language Wikipedias as part of their pedagogy. Conduct outreach workshops mainly with an intention to spread awareness and to arrive at possibilities for long-term partnerships.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; "> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; "><i><span>An example of this would be 1600 students of Christ University undergraduate courses who study a second language as part of the course are enrolled in a program where they are building content on Hindi, Kannada, Tamil, Sanskrit and Urdu Wikipedias.</span></i></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; "><b>Strengthening existing community</b><br />Facilitate more qualitative interactions amongst current contributors, with an aim to a) foster creation of new project ideas; b) periodic review and mitigation of troublesome issues; c) foster a culture of collective review of the expansion of Indian language Wikipedias.</p>
<p><i>This is currently been done by capacity building meet-up or advanced user trainings organized for existing Wikimedia volunteers from different language communities.</i></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; "><b>Tapping into User Interest Groups</b><br />Setting up smaller special interest groups by tapping into existing virtual (Facebook pages/groups, bloggers communities, other open source groups/mailing lists), and physical communities and supporting key Wikipedians to bring new Wikipedians on board.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; "><i>Building ties with DiscoverBhubaneshwar in Odisa [4] and Goa.me in Goa [5], which are photographer’s communities. Useful pictures from different states can feed into Wikipedia articles there by enriching the content. Collaboration with Media lab at Jadhavpur University, Kolkota has helped create articles on Indian cinema and media, Indian film history etc.</i></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; "><b>Creating awareness</b><br />Creation of short online editing videos tutorials and editing guides to be published on Wikimedia commons, YouTube, Facebook and similar websites that could help us reach out to larger audiences. Production of videos in local language will avoid existing issues with global videos such as low comprehensions because of accents and relevance.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">Hindi Wikipedia tutorial videos were produced in collaboration with the Christ University students, faculty and staff, as part of the Wikipedia-in-the-UG-Language-Classroom program. A total of 10 videos are thoughtfully produced to teach anyone how to edit Hindi Wikipedia.<a href="#fn24" name="fr24">[24] </a>Video tutorials on Kannada Wikipedia are currently in pipeline.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; "><b>Technical support</b><br />Liaising between language communities and WMF & Language Committee in finding effective solutions for any script issue, input method issue, rendering issues or any bugs.</p>
<table class="plain">
<tbody>
<tr>
<th>Case Study: Wikipedians Speak</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: justify; ">
<p><i>Netha Hussain</i> is a 21-year-old medical student from Kerala, India. She first began editing Wikipedia in May 2010, contributing to English Wikipedia and Malayalam Wikipedia along with uploading photos to Wikimedia Commons. She said “I started editing Wikipedia every day. In school, we studied subjects like microbiology, pathology, pharmacology and forensic medicine. After class, I'd go straight to Wikipedia. I'd review the information related to the day's lecture, and add a few more facts and sources. It was a lot of work, and I always went to bed tired, but it was worth it. Everybody reads Wikipedia. If they want to learn something, they turn to Wikipedia first. I know I’ve helped a little — maybe even a lot. And that’s the greatest feeling I know.”<a href="#fn25" name="fr25">[25] </a></p>
<p><img src="http://editors.cis-india.org/home-images/Netha.png" alt="Netha Hussein" class="image-inline" title="Netha Hussein" /></p>
<p></p>
<p> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span>Image Attribution:</span></b><span><span>Netha Hussain</span></span><span> by Adam Novak, under <span>CC-BY-SA 3.0 Unported</span>, from Wikimedia Commons. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>Poongothai Balasubramanian is a retired Math teacher from Tamil Nadu, India. She began editing Wikipedia in 2010. Since then, she's created 250 articles and recorded pronunciations for 6,000 words. She has created several articles on quadratic functions, probability, charts, graphs and more on Tamil Wikipedia. She has over 7,000 Wikipedia edits. She said, “As a teacher and a mother, I was always busy. But now that I'm retired and my children are grown, my time is my own — all 24 hours of it! And I spend every day on Wikipedia. I'm a volunteer. No one pays me. But helping edit Wikipedia has become my life's work. Even though I'm not in the classroom, I'm still doing what I care about most: helping a newgeneration of students learn, in the language I love.”<a href="#fn26" name="fr26">[26] </a><br /></span></p>
<p><img src="http://editors.cis-india.org/home-images/Balasubramaniam.png" alt="Balasubramanian" class="image-inline" title="Balasubramanian" /></p>
<p><b>Image Attribution:</b> Balasubramanian Poongothai by Adam Novak, under CC-BY-SA 3.0 Unported, from Wikimedia Commons.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p><b>Additional Reading</b></p>
<ol>
<li style="text-align: justify; ">Geert Lovink and Nathaniel Tkacz (eds.), “Critical Point of View: A Wikipedia Reader”, <i>Centre for Internet and Society and the Institute of Network Cultures</i>, <a href="http://www.networkcultures.org/_uploads/%237reader_Wikipedia.pdf">http://www.networkcultures.org/_uploads/%237reader_Wikipedia.pdf</a>.</li>
<li>Links to 2 videos </li>
<li>Yochai Benkler</li>
</ol>
<h3>Open Access</h3>
<p style="text-align: justify; "><b>Definition</b><br />Open-access (OA) literature is digital, online, free of charge, and free of most copyright and licensing restrictions.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">OA removes <i>price barriers</i> (subscriptions, licensing fees, pay-per-view fees) and <i>permission barriers</i> (most copyright and licensing restrictions). The <a href="http://www.plos.org/index.html">PLoS</a> shorthand definition —"free availability and unrestricted use"— succinctly captures both elements.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">There is some flexibility about which permission barriers to remove. For example, some OA providers permit commercial re-use and some do not. Some permit derivative works and some do not. But all of the major public definitions of OA agree that merely removing price barriers, or limiting permissible uses to "fair use" ("fair dealing" in the UK), is not enough.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">Here's how the <a href="http://www.soros.org/openaccess/read.shtml">Budapest Open Access Initiative</a> put it: "There are many degrees and kinds of wider and easier access to this literature. By 'open access' to this literature, we mean its free availability on the public internet, permitting any users to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of these articles, crawl them for indexing, pass them as data to software, or use them for any other lawful purpose, without financial, legal, or technical barriers other than those inseparable from gaining access to the internet itself. The only constraint on reproduction and distribution, and the only role for copyright in this domain, should be to give authors control over the integrity of their work and the right to be properly acknowledged and cited."</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">Here's how the <a href="http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/bethesda.htm">Bethesda</a> and <a href="http://oa.mpg.de/lang/en-uk/berlin-prozess/berliner-erklarung/">Berlin</a> statements put it: For a work to be OA, the copyright holder must consent in advance to let users "copy, use, distribute, transmit and display the work publicly and to make and distribute derivative works, in any digital medium for any responsible purpose, subject to proper attribution of authorship...."</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">The <a href="http://www.soros.org/openaccess/">Budapest</a> (February 2002), <a href="http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/bethesda.htm">Bethesda</a> (June 2003), and <a href="http://oa.mpg.de/lang/en-uk/berlin-prozess/berliner-erklarung/">Berlin</a> (October 2003) definitions of "open access" are the most central and influential for the OA movement. Sometimes I refer to them collectively, or to their common ground, as the <a href="http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/newsletter/09-02-04.htm#progress">BBB definition</a>.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">When we need to refer unambiguously to sub-species of OA, we can <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gratis_versus_Libre">borrow</a> terminology from the kindred movement for free and open-source software. <a href="http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/newsletter/08-02-08.htm#gratis-libre">Gratis OA</a> removes price barriers alone, and<a href="http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/newsletter/08-02-08.htm#gratis-libre">libre OA</a> removes price barriers and at least some permission barriers as well. Gratis OA is free of charge, but not free of copyright of licensing restrictions. Users must either limit themselves to fair use or seek permission to exceed it. Libre OA is free of charge and expressly permits uses beyond fair use. To adapt Richard Stallman's famous <a href="http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-sw.html">formulation</a> (originally applied to software), gratis OA is free as in 'free beer', while libre OA is also free as in 'free speech'.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">In addition to removing access barriers, OA should be immediate, rather than delayed, and should apply to full texts, not just abstracts or summaries.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">It is true that many libraries and other content providing organizations provide free access to vast quantities of textual (and other kinds of) information. Today a variety of contents is thrown open by the creators and these include hundreds of educational courses, open government data, open monographs, open images and so on.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">But when we talk of ‘open access’ the term is restricted to science and scholarship and especially to research publications and in particular journal articles. Unlike most newspaper publishers, not all publishers of professional journals are ready to allow free use of the material they publish. Indeed, they levy hefty subscription prices and some journals cost in the range of US $ 20-30 thousand per year. Large publishing houses earn a profit of upwards of 35%. ”Elsevier's reported margins are 37%, but financial analysts estimate them at 40–50% for the STM publishing division before tax” [10].</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">Publishers protect their ‘rights’ with copyright and are ever vigilant in protecting those rights.</p>
<table class="listing">
<tbody>
<tr>
<th>Case Study: Aaron Swartz</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">Let us begin with an extreme example – the case of Aaron Swartz, the hacker-activist, who was forced to end his life early this year after being pursued by the US Department of Justice.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">What did Aaron do? He downloaded a very large number of full text papers from JSTOR, a database of scholarly journal articles, from an MIT server.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">Why should anyone think downloading scholarly research articles was a crime in the first place? “Why, twenty years after the birth of the modern Internet, is it a felony to download works that academics chose to share with the world?” asks Michael Eisen, a renowned biologist at UC Berekeley and cofounder of the Public Library of Science [11].</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">The most important component of the Internet, the World Wide Web, was invented by CERN researchers essentially to help scientists communicate and share their research.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">Today we can view thousands of videos on Indian weddings and pruning roses. But we are barred from downloading or reading research papers without paying a large sum! These are papers written by scientists, reviewed by scientists, their research often paid for by government agencies. And the knowledge therein is of relevance not only to other scientists but to the lay public as well. Especially, health related research.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">And yet, JSTOR, a not-for-profit organization founded with support from Andrew Mellon Foundation, and MIT were keen to go to court, and the prosecutor was keen to argue for the severest punishment.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="listing">
<tbody>
<tr>
<th>Case Study: Rover Research</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: justify; ">Recently, Michael Eisen placed in his website four research papers resulting from the Rover exploration of Mars published in the AAAS journal <i>Science</i>. This is something no one has done before. His logic: the research was funded by NASA, a US government agency, and most of the authors were working in government institutions, and therefore the citizens have the right to access. While everyone was expecting AAAS and the authors to drag Eisen to court for violating copyright, the authors also made the papers freely available on their institutions’ websites! But I wonder if Eisen could have got away so easily had he placed papers published in a journal published by Elsevier or Springer. Possibly not. Recently Elsevier had sent thousands of take down notices to Academia.edu for placing papers published in Elsevier journals (in the final PDF version) in their site. Elsevier had also sent similar missives to many individual scientists and universities including Harvard for a similar ‘offence’ [12].</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">Scientists do research and communicate results to other scientists. They build on what is already known, on what others have done – the ‘shoulders of giants’ as Newton said. Getting to know the work and results of others’ research is essential for the progress of knowledge. Any barrier, including cost barrier, will hurt science or for that matter production of knowledge in any field.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">When it comes to information (and knowledge) scientists everywhere face two problems, viz. Access and Visibility. These problems are acutely felt by scientists in poorer countries.</p>
<ol>
<li style="text-align: justify; ">They are unable to access what other scientists have done, because of the high costs of access. With the nation’s an annual per capita GDP of about US $3,500 (ppp) or even less, libraries in most developing countries cannot afford to subscribe to key journals needed by their users. Most scientists are forced to work in a situation of information poverty. Thanks to spiraling costs many libraries are forced to cancel subscription to several journals making the situation even worse.</li>
<li style="text-align: justify; ">Scientists elsewhere are unable to access what developing country researchers are publishing, leading to low visibility and low use of their work. Take for example India. As Indian scientists publish their own research in thousands of journals, small and big, from around the world, their work is often not noticed by other scientists. even within India, working in the same and related areas. Thus Indian work is hardly cited. </li>
</ol>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">Both these handicaps can be overcome to a considerable extent if open access is adopted widely both within and outside the country.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; "><b>Berlin Declaration on Open Access to Knowledge in the Sciences and Humanities</b><a href="#fn27" name="fr27">[27]</a><br />Due to the changes that have come about in the production and distribution of scientific and cutlural knowledge in the age of the internet, there needed to be an agreement to move towards a global and interactive representation of human knowledge with worldwide access guarunteed. The Berlin Declaration of 2003 was an attempt at just that and it was in accordance with the spirit of the Declaration of the Budapest Open Access Initiative, the ECHO Charter and the Bethesda Statement on Open Access Publishing. The declaration lays down the measures that need to be adopted by research institutions, funding agencies, libraries, archives and museums among others in order to utilize the internet for open access to knowledge. There are more than 450 signatories including various government, funding agencies, academic and other knowledge based institutions. According to the Declaration, open access contributions have to include:</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">"Original scientific research results, raw data and metadata, source materials, digital representations of pictorial and graphical materials and scholarly multimedia material.</p>
<ol>
<li style="text-align: justify; ">Open access contributions must satisfy two conditions:The author(s) and right holder(s) of such contributions grant(s) to all users a free, irrevocable, worldwide, right of access to, and a license to copy, use, distribute, transmit and display the work publicly and to make and distribute derivative works, in any digital medium for any responsible purpose, subject to proper attribution of authorship (community standards, will continue to provide the mechanism for enforcement of proper attribution and responsible use of the published work, as they do now), as well as the right to make small numbers of printed copies for their personal use.</li>
<li style="text-align: justify; ">A complete version of the work and all supplemental materials, including a copy of the permission as stated above, in an appropriate standard electronic format is deposited (and thus published) in at least one online repository using suitable technical standards (such as the Open Archive definitions) that is supported and maintained by an academic institution, scholarly society, government agency, or other well-established organization that seeks to enable open access, unrestricted distribution, inter operability, and long-term archiving."</li>
</ol>
<p style="text-align: justify; "><b>Open Access – Green and Gold</b><br />With the Internet and the Web becoming ubiquitous, we need not suffer these problems. If science is about sharing, then the Net has the potential to liberate the world of science and scholarship and make it a level playing field.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">Till a few decades ago scholarly communication was a quite affair. Scientists and professors did research in their laboratories and sent the papers they wrote to editors of refereed journals. These journals were often published by professional societies, academies and in some countries government departments devoted to science. Many societies gave the responsibility to bring out the journals to commercial publishing houses. These publishers found in journal publishing a great business opportunity and started raising subscription prices. Initially no one seemed to notice or bother. But from around 1980, the rise in the cost of journals outstripped the general inflation by a factor of 3 or 4. Members of the Association of Research Libraries felt the pinch; many academic libraries had to cut down on their purchase of books and monographs so as to be able to subscribe to as many journals as possible. Then they had to cut down on the number of journals. Their levels of service to their academic clients fell badly. The ‘serials crisis’ forced them to protest. By then web technologies and online sharing of information had sufficiently advanced. Together these two developments led to the open access movement.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">There are two ways research papers published in journals can be made open access: Open access journals and open access repositories.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; "></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; "> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; "><i>Open Access Journals</i> - The journal can allow free downloading of papers by anyone, anywhere without paying for it. Such journals are called open access journals. Making papers open by this method is referred to as the Gold route to open access. Traditionally, journals used to charge a subscription fee from libraries (or individuals who may choose to take personal subscriptions) and not charge authors submitting papers for publication. Occasionally, some journals may request authors to pay a small fee to cover colour printing of illustrations. Many open access journals do charge a fee from the authors, which is often paid by the author’s institution. The APC collected by different journals varies from a few hundred dollars to a few thousands.<span> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; ">But not all OA journals levy an article publishing charge, e.g.,<span> </span>journals published by the Indian<span> </span>Academy of Sciences, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR-NISCAIR), Indian Council of Medical Research, and the Indian Council of Agricultural Research do not charge authors or their institutions.As of today, there are more than 9,800 OA journals published from 124 countries and these are listed in the Directory of Open Access Journals, [www.doaj.org], an authoritative database maintained at Lund University. On average four new journal titles are added to DOAJ every day.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; "><i>Open Access Repositories</i> - Authors of research papers may make them available to the rest of the world by placing them in archives or repositories. This is the ‘Green route’ to open access. There are two kinds of repositories: Central and distributed or institutional. arXiv is a good example of a central repository. Any researcher working in a relevant field can place his paper in arXiv and it can be seen almost instantaneously by other researchers worldwide. Developed in 1991 as a means of circulating scientific papers prior to publication, arXiv initially focused on e-Prints in High Energy Physics (HEP). In time, focus broadened to related disciplines. All content in arXiv is freely available to all users. Currently, it provides access to more than 900,000 “e-prints in Physics, Mathematics, Computer Science, Quantitative Biology, Quantitative Finance and Statistics.” There are other central repositories such as SSRN (Social Science Research Network;<a href="#fn28" name="fr28">[28] </a>abstracts on over 521,000 scholarly working papers and forthcoming papers and an Electronic Paper Collection of over 426,600 downloadable full text documents ), Research Papers in Economics<a href="#fn29" name="fr29">[29] </a>(and ideas.RePEc.org; 1.4 million items of which 1.3 million are downloadable full texts), and CiteSeerX (for computerand information science).<a href="#fn30" name="fr30">[30] </a></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">Then there are institutional repositories. Registry of Open Access repositories<a href="#fn31" name="fr31">[31]</a> lists more than 2,900 repositories from around the world. The Directory of Open Access Repositories<a href="#fn32" name="fr32">[32] </a>lists more than 2,550 repositories, linking to more than 50 million items, growing at the rate of 21 thousand items per day, which can be searched through the Bielefeld Academic Search Engine search options. A database called SHERPA-RoMEO lists open access and self-archiving policies of journals.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">These repositories are different from the usual websites that individual scientists may maintain. They have to use one of many standard software such as EPrints, DSpace, Fedora, or Greenstone. And they are all interoperable and ‘OAI-compliant’ which means that anyone searching for information need not know about a particular paper and the repository in which it is deposited; a mere keyword search will find the paper if it is relevant.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; "><b>The Prophets of Open Access</b><br />The Net and the Web have not merely replaced print by speeding up things but have inherently changed the way we can do science (e.g. eScience and Grid computing), we can collaborate, we can datamine, and deal with datasets of unimaginable size. But the potential is not fully realized, largely because most of us are conditioned by our past experience and are inherently resistant to change. Our thinking and actions are conditioned by the print-on-paper era. Added to that is the apathy of science administrators.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">Three individuals have made seminal contributions to realizing the potential of the Net in scholarly communication and may be considered pioneers in ushering in an era of open access. Tony Hey calls them ‘prophets of open access.’</p>
<ol>
<li style="text-align: justify; ">Paul Ginsparg, creator of arXiv, an open access repository for preprints of much of the physics and astronomy literature. </li>
<li style="text-align: justify; ">Lipmann, Director of the NCBI, known for his leadership in making biomedical data and health information publicly and easily available to all, including scientists, medical professionals, patients, and students.By organizing and integrating genomic data for developing diagnostic and clinical applications, NCBI serves as a bridge from research to the medical community. Each day, more than 3 million users access NCBI's 40 interlinked genomic and bibliographic databases and download more than 30 terabytes of data. NCBI is home to PubMed Central and PubChem, two essential databases for biomedical researchers. PMC is a full text (ePrints) database of published research papers and PubChem is a database of about 31 million biologically important chemical compounds and their bioassays.</li>
<li style="text-align: justify; ">Stevan Harnad, author of the subversive proposal, founder of Cogprints and tireless evangelist for Green Open Access [13]. Harnad has been writing frequently on all aspects of scholarly communication and open access in his blog ‘Open Access Archivangelism,’ addressing conferences and answering questions sent to him. There are also some institutions which have contributed substantially and these include the Open Society Institute (OSI), now rechristened Open Society Foundations, which facilitated the formulation of Budapest Open Access Initiative and the Budapest Declaration, and Association of Research Libraries.Surprisingly, Microsoft, not a great admirer of open source software, is promoting eScience through its External Research Division, especially formed for this purpose under the leadership of Prof. Tony Hey, former dean of Southampton University.</li>
</ol>
<p style="text-align: justify; "><b>Open Access in India</b><br />The situation with accessing overseas journals has improved considerably thanks to many consortia which facilitate access to large groups of scientists in India (especially those in CSIR laboratories, Indian Institutes of Technology and Indian Institute of Science). Many universities have benefited through INFLIBNET. ICMR labs and selected medical institutions have formed ERMED, their own consortium. Rajiv Gandhi Health Sciences University, Bangalaore, provides access to literature through HELINET Consortia to a number of medical colleges in the South.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">But the increased availability has not been taken full advantage by our researchers. A study of IISc in 2008 showed that the faculty and students have not used not even half the journals subscribed in their work – either for publishing their research or for quoting papers published in them. We seem to be paying for journals we do not use. Many of these journals are published by commercial publishers and they make huge profits. Publishers force consortia to buy journals as packages (bundling).</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">On the open course ware front the NPTEL programme under which top notch IIT and IISc professors produce both web-based and video lessons in many subjects, which are available on YouTube as well, has a huge worldwide following.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">Many physicists in the better-known institutions use arXiv, which has a mirror site in India, both for placing their preprints and postprints and for reading preprints of others. But many others are not aware of it. What we need is advocacy and more advocacy.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">Open access is gaining traction in India. For example, professors at National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, the first Indian institution to mandate open access for all faculty (and student) research publications, have received invitations to attend international conferences and for collaboration after their papers were made available through the institutional repository. Indian journals which embraced open access model started recording higher impact factors, e.g.<i> Indian Journal of Medical Research</i> and <i>Journal of Postgraduate Medicine</i>. MedKnow, publisher of JPGM, and Bioline International, have plenty of data to show the advantages of going open access.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">And yet many researchers are reluctant to embrace OA. They fear that the journal publishers may sue them if they deposit their published papers in IRs. They have concerns about copyright violation.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">Organizations such as the Open Society Foundations, ARL, SPARC and JISC (UK) and the seven research councils of UK are championing open access. Unfortunately some professional societies, notably ACS, are trying to stall the march of open access.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">The best way to promote open access in India is to encourage self-archiving.</p>
<p>As Alma Swan says, we can do that by highlighting the increased visibility and impact, requiringauthors to self-archive and requiring them to self-archive in an institutional repository [14].</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">Why an institutionalrepository? Because it fulfils an institution’s mission to engender, encourage and disseminate scholarly work; an institution can mandate self-archiving across all subject areas. It enables an institution to compile a complete record of its intellectual effort; it forms a permanent record of all digital output from an institution. It enables standardised online CVs for all researchers. It can be used as a marketing’ tool for institutions [14].</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">An institutional repository provides researchers with secure storage (for completed work and for work-in-progress). It provides a location for supporting data yet to be published. It facilitates one-input-many outputs (CVs, publications) [14].</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">First, we must help institutions build an archive and teach researchers including students how to deposit (do it for them in the beginning if necessary) [14].</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">Eventually, in fact pretty soon, OA will be accepted by the vast majority of scientists and institutions. For only with OA scientific literature and data can be fully used. OA, making scientific literature and data free, is the only way to liberate the immense energy of distributed production. The moral, economic and philosophical imperatives for open access are indeed strong.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">Even pharmaceutical companies like Glaxo SmithKline, Novartis and Novo Nordisk have started sharing their hard earned data in the area of drug development.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">The openness movement in science and scholarship does not end with OA journals and OA repositories – both central and distributed. It includes the open data initiatives, escience and open science.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">To learn more about open access please visit the Open Access Tracking Project led by Peter Suber, EOS [<i>www.<b>openscholarship</b>.org/</i>] and OASIS <openoasis.org> and join the GOAL discussion group moderated by Richard Poynder.</p>
<p>To know more about open science, read the articles by Paul David and Tony Hey.</p>
<p><b>What is Already There?</b><br />Thanks to the initiatives taken by Prof. M S Valiathan, former President of the Indian National Science Academy, the journals published by INSA were made OA a few years ago.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">The Academy also signed the Berlin declaration. The Indian Academy of Sciences converted all its eleven journals into OA. The Indian Medlars Centre at the National Informatics Centre brings out the OA version of about 40 biomedical journals published mostly by professional societies.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">All journals published by CSIR- NISCAIR (17), ICAR (2), ICMR and AIIMS are OA journals. No one needs to pay either to publish or read papers in these journals.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">A Bombay-based private company called MedKnow brings out more than 300 journals, most of them OA, on behalf of their publishers, mostly professional societies. This company was acquired by Wolter Kluwers and they have decided to keep the journals OA.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; "><i>Current Science</i> and <i>Pramana</i>, the physics journal of the Indian Academy of Sciences, were the first to go open access among Indian journals. In all, the number of Indian OA journals is about 650.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">The Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, was the first to set up an institutional repository in India. They use the GNU EPrints software. Today the repository has about 33,000 papers, not all of them full text. IISc also leads the Million Books Digital Library project's India efforts under the leadership of Pro f. N Balakrishnan.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">Today there are about 60 repositories in India (as seen from ROAR and OpenDOAR) including those at National Institute of Oceanography, and the National Aerospace Laboratories, Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Central Food Technology Research Institute, CECRI and the Raman Research Institute. The National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, was the first Indian institution to have mandated OA for all faculty publications.</p>
<p>Both ICRISAT and NIO have also mandated OA.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">A small team at the University of Mysore is digitizing doctoral dissertations from select Indian universities under a programme called Vidyanidhi.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; "><b>Problems and the Future</b><br />Despite concerted advocacy and many individual letters addressed to policy makers, the heads of government's departments of science and research councils do not seem to have applied their minds to opening up access to research papers. The examples of the research councils in the UK, the Wellcome Trust, the Howard Hughes Medical Institute and NIH have had virtually no impact. Many senior scientists and directors of research laboratories and vice chancellors of universities do not have a clear appreciation of open access and its advantages and implications.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">Among those who understand the issues, many would rather like to publish in high impact journals, as far as possible, and would not take the trouble to set up institutional archives.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">Most Indian researchers have not bothered to look up the several addenda (to the copyright agreement forms) that are now available. Many scientists I spoke to are worried that a publisher may not publish their papers if they attach an addendum! Publishing firms work in subtle ways to persuade senior librarians to keep away from OA initiatives. There have been no equivalents of FreeCulture.org among Indian student bodies and no equivalent of Taxpayers‘ Alliance to influence policy at the political level.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">Both the National Knowledge Commission and the Indian National Science Academy have recommended OA. IASc has set up a repository for publications by all its Fellows and it has more than 90,000 papers (many of them only metadata + abstracts). The Centre for Internet and Society has brought out a status report on OA in India. The Director General of CSIR has instructed all CSIR labs to set up and populate institutional repositories as soon as possible. Director general of ICAR has come up with an OA policy. Dr Francis Jayakanth of IISc is the recipient of the EPT Award for Advancing Open Access in the Developing World in its inaugural year. That should encourage many librarians to take to promoting OA.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">The government should mandate by legislation self-archiving of all research output immediately upon acceptance for publication by peer-reviewed journals. The self-archiving should preferably be in the researcher's own institution's Institutional Repository.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">The mandate should be by both institutions and funders.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">Science journal publishers in the government and academic sectors should be mandated to make their journals OA (This can be achieved through adopting Open Journal Systems software developed at the University of British Columbia and Simon Fraser University and already in use by more than 10,000 journals. Expertise is available in India, or some journals can join Bioline International).</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">We should organize a massive training programme (in partnership with IISc, ISI-DRTC, NIC, etc.) on setting up OA repositories.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">Authors should have the freedom to publish in journals of their choice; but they should be required to make their papers available through institutional repositories. In addition, they should use addenda suggested by SPARC, Science Commons, etc. while signing copyright agreements with journal publishers and not surrender copyright to (commercial) publishers. Some OA journals charge for publication. The Indian government or funders or institutions should definitely not offer to pay for journal publication charges.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">Again, OA for all India's research output is covered by simply mandating OA self-archiving of all articles.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">Brazil and the rest of Latin America have made great strides in open access. The excellent developments in Brazil, especially the government support (particularly in the state of Sao Paulo) and of the work of SciELO (for OA journals) and IBICT in supporting OA repository network are worthy of emulation in India and other developing countries.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">Argentina has enacted a law that mandates OA to all research publications. India can follow their example.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">Office of Science and Technology Policy Director John Holdren has issued a memorandum to make all research funded by major government funding agencies in the US insist on open access to government-funded research in USA. Indian funding agencies can do the same.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">While our focus should be on digitizing and throwing open the current research papers and data, we may also make available our earlier work.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">In particular, we may create an OA portal for the papers of great Indian scientists of the past: Ramanujan, J C Bose, S N Bose, M N Saha, K S Krishnan, Y Subba Rao, Sambhu Nath De, Mahalanobis, Maheshwari. C V Raman’s papers are already available on open access.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">We may proactively advance OA in international forums such as IAP, IAC, ICSU and UNESCO. Two things can hasten the adoption of OA in India:</p>
<ol>
<li style="text-align: justify; ">If the political left is convinced that research paid for by the government is not readily available to the people freely and what is worse the copyright to the research papers are gifted away to commercial publishers from the advanced countries, then they may act. The same way, the political right will come forward to support open access if we impress upon them that copyright to much of the knowledge generated in our motherland is gifted away to publishing houses in the West.</li>
<li style="text-align: justify; ">If the students are attracted to the idea that fighting for open access is the in thing to do, then they will form Free Culture like pressure groups and fight for the adoption of open access. </li>
</ol>
<p style="text-align: justify; "><b>References</b></p>
<ol>
<li>Aristotle, “Politics”, Book2<i>, </i>Part 3,<i>Oxford: Clarendon Press</i>, 1946, 1261b.</li>
<li>G. Hardin,“The Tragedy of the Commons”, <i>Science</i>, Dec 13, 1968.</li>
<li>Vincent Ostrom and Elinor Ostrom, “Public Goods and Public Choices,” in E. S. Savas (ed.), Alternatives for Delivering Public Services: Toward Improved Performance, Boulder, Co: <i>Westview Press</i>, 1977, p. 7–49.</li>
<li>Elinor Ostrom, “Governing the Commons: The Evolution of Institutions for Collective Action”, <i>Cambridge University Press</i>, 1990.</li>
<li style="text-align: justify; ">E. Ostrom, “The Rudiments of a Theory of the Origins, Survival, and Performance of Common Property Institutions”, in D W Bromley (ed.),Making the Commons work: Theory, practice and policy, San Francisco, <i>ICS Press</i>, 1992.</li>
<li>Charlotte Hess and <a href="http://mitpress.mit.edu/authors/elinor-ostrom">Elinor Ostrom</a> (eds.), “Understanding Knowledge as a Commons<b>: </b>From Theory to Practice”, <i>MIT Press</i>, 2006, <a href="http://mitpress.mit.edu/authors/charlotte-hess">http://mitpress.mit.edu/authors/charlotte-hess</a>and<a href="http://mitpress.mit.edu/authors/elinor-ostrom">http://mitpress.mit.edu/authors/elinor-ostrom</a>.</li>
<li>S.R. Ranganathan, “Five Laws of Library Science”,<i>Sarada Ranganathan Endowment for Library Science</i>, Bangalore,1966.</li>
<li>Peter F. Drucker, “Beyond the Information Revolution”, <i>The Atlantic</i>, October 1, 1999.</li>
<li>M.L.Nagar “Shri Sayajirao Gaikwad, Maharaja of Baroda: The Prime Promoter of Public Libraries”, 1917.</li>
<li><a href="http://www.nature.com/news/open-access-the-true-cost-of-science-publishing-1.12676#auth-1">Richard Van Noorden</a>, “Open Access: The True Cost of Science Publishing”, <i>Nature</i>, 495 (issue 7442), 27 March 2013</li>
<li>Michael Eisen, “The Past, Present and Future of Scholarly Publishing”, <i>It Is Not Junk</i>, March 28, 2013, <a href="http://www.michaeleisen.org/blog/?p=1346">http://www.michaeleisen.org/blog/?p=1346</a></li>
<li>Kim-Mai Cutler, “Elsevier’s Research Takedown Notices Fan Out To Startups, Harvard, Individual Academics”,<i>TechCrunch</i>,December 19, 2013, <a href="http://techcrunch.com/author/kim-mai-cutler/">http://techcrunch.com/author/kim-mai-cutler/</a>, <a href="http://techcrunch.com/2013/12/19/elsevier/">http://techcrunch.com/2013/12/19/elsevier/</a></li>
<li style="text-align: justify; ">S. Harnad, “A Subversive Proposal” in Ann Okerson and James O'Donnell (Eds.) Scholarly Journals at the Crossroads; A Subversive Proposal for Electronic Publishing,<i>Association of Research Libraries</i>, June 1995. <br /> <a href="http://www.ecs.soton.ac.uk/~harnad/subvert.html">http://www.ecs.soton.ac.uk/~harnad/subvert.html</a></li>
<li>A. Swan, “Policy Guidelines for the Development and Promotion of Open Access”, <i>UNESCO</i>, Paris, 1995.</li>
<li style="text-align: justify; "> Glover Wright, Pranesh Prakash, Sunil Abraham and Nishant Shah, “Open Government Data Study”, <i>Centre for Internet and Society and Transparency and Accountability Initiative</i>, 2011, <a href="http://editors.cis-india.org/openness/blog/publications/open-government.pdf">http://cis-india.org/openness/blog/publications/open-government.pdf</a></li>
</ol>
<h3 class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; ">Open (Government) Data</h3>
<p style="text-align: justify; "><b>Definition<br /></b>“Open data is data that can be freely used, reused and redistributed by anyone – subject only, at most, to the requirement to attribute and share alike.”<a href="#fn33" name="fr33">[33]</a> This has become an increasingly important issue in the age of the internet when governments can gather unprecedented amount of data about citizens and store various kinds of data which can actually be made available to people in an easier fashion.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">Types of Government Data<br /><img src="http://editors.cis-india.org/home-images/OpenGovtData.png" alt="Open (Govt) Data" class="image-inline" title="Open (Govt) Data" /></p>
<p><a href="#fn34" name="fr34">[34]</a></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">This does not necessarily mean that all the government’s data should open according to the definition laid out above. There have been many arguments articulated against this.</p>
<ol>
<li style="text-align: justify; ">Since the government is responsible for the efficient use of tax payers money, data that is commissioned and useful only for a small subsection (eg: corporations) of society should be paid for by that subsection.</li>
<li style="text-align: justify; ">There may be privacy concerns that limit the use of data to particular users or sub-sets of data.</li>
<li style="text-align: justify; ">Often times, the data may not be usable without further processing and analysis that requires more investment from other sources. Groups that would usually commission such projects lose their incentive to do so because everyone has access to the information. Eg: Biological, medical and environmental data.</li>
</ol>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">However, this kind of utilitarian calculus is not possible while deciding which data should be open and which ones should not. Some theorists make the argument that government data should be open.<a href="#fn35" name="fr35">[35]</a></p>
<ol>
<li style="text-align: justify; ">An open democratic society requires that its citizens should know what the government is doing and that there is a high level of transparency. Free access is essential for this and in order for that information to be intelligible; the data should be reusable as well so it can be analyzed further.</li>
<li style="text-align: justify; ">In the information age, commercial and even social activity requires data and having government data open can be a way to fuel economic and social activity within the society.</li>
<li>If public tax payer money was used to fund the government data, then the public should have access to it.</li>
</ol>
<p>The open data handbook lays out the steps required in order to start making government data more open.<a href="#fn36" name="fr36">[36] </a>The summarized gist of it is to:</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">1. Chose the data sets that need to be made open.<br />2. Apply an open license: <br />a. Find out what kind of intellectual property rights exist on that data.<br />b. Select an appropriate open license that would incorporate all of the criteria (usability, reusability etc) discussed above.<br />3. Make the data available either in bulk or in Application Programming Interface (API) formats.<br />4. Make this open data discoverable by posting on the web or adding it to a list.<br />Application Programming Interface (API) vs. Bulk Data<a href="#fn37" name="fr37">[37] </a></p>
<ol>
<li>Bulk is the only way to ensure that the data is accessible to everyone.</li>
<li style="text-align: justify; ">Bulk access is a lot cheaper than providing API access. (API specifies how some software components should interact with each other) Therefore, it is acceptable for the provider to charge for API access as long as the data is also provided in bulk.</li>
<li>An API is not a guarantee of open access but it is good if it’s provided.</li>
</ol>
<p style="text-align: justify; "><b>Open Government Data in India</b><br />At an annual summit in London recently where an open government data report was produced, India ranked 34th among 77 countries.</p>
<p><img src="http://editors.cis-india.org/home-images/HowIndia.png" alt="Data Availability and Openness" class="image-inline" title="Data Availability and Openness" /></p>
<p><a href="#fn38" name="fr38">[38] </a></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">In India, open government data is currently about closing the loopholes and gaps in the Right to Information Act (RTI) and its promise of transparency as envisioned by the Knowledge Commission. In its 10th 5 year plan (2002-2007) the Indian Government announced its plan to become SMART (Simple, Moral, Accountable, Responsible and Transparent).<a href="#fn39" name="fr39">[39] </a></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">In 2012, India launched an Open Government Platform, which is a software platform that attempted to enhance the public’s access to government data. This was jointly developed by India and the US as a part of their Open Government Initiative.<a href="#fn40" name="fr40">[40] </a>Data.gov.in is a platform under this which provides a single-point access to datasets and apps published by the government’s ministries, departments and organizations and it was in compliance with the National Data Sharing and Accessibility Policy (NDSAP).<a href="#fn41" name="fr41">[41] </a></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; "><b>The Right to Information Act, 2005</b><a href="#fn42" name="fr42">[42]</a><br />Around 82 countries around the world currently have laws in place that force the government to disclose information to its citizenry but this has been a rather recent phenomenon. In India, the RTI was passed in 2005 after a prolonged struggle from civil society. This act effectively replaces and overrides many state level RTI acts, the Freedom of Information Act (2002) and the Official Secrets Act, 1923. We have come to learn based on the responses of RTI requests that the government is not obliged to provide access to some pieces of information such as the minutes to a cabinet meeting.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">The RTI Act defines information as:</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">‘Any material in any form, including records, documents, memos, e-mails, opinions, advices, press releases, circulars, orders, logbooks, contracts, reports, papers, samples, models, data material held in any electronic form and information relating to any private body which can be accessed by a public authority under any other law for the time being in force.’</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">This capacious vision of the Act indicated a shift in the government’s philosophy from secrecy to transparency. According to the Global Integrity report, in the category ‘public access to government information’ India went from 78 points to 90 points from 2006-2011. During the same time frame, the United States has only gone from 78 points to 79 points. However, according to a study conducted by PricewaterhouseCoopers, 75% of the respondents said they were dissatisfied with the information provided by the public authorities.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; "><b>Government Copyright</b><br />The government owns the copyright to any work that is produced by the government or government employees in India as well any material produced by an Indian legislative or judicial body. This provision is laid down in the Copyright Act, 1957<a href="#fn43" name="fr43">[43]</a>(section 17(d) read with 2(k)) which gives a lifespan of 60 years for the copyright (section 28). The exceptions to the copyright are small and laid down in section 52(1)(q):</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">‘52(1) The following acts shall not constitute an infringement of copyright, namely: (q) the reproduction or publication of — (i) any matter which has been published in any Official Gazette except an Act of a Legislature; (ii) any Act of a Legislature subject to the condition that such Act is reproduced or published together with any commentary thereon or any other original matter; (iii) the report of any committee, commission, council, board or other like body appointed by the Government if such report has been laid on the Table of the Legislature, unless the reproduction or publication of such report is prohibited by the Government; (iv) any judgement or order of a court, tribunal or other judicial authority, unless the reproduction or publication of such judgment or order is prohibited by the court, the tribunal or other judicial authority, as the case may be.’</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">Although this exception is small, in practice the government has rarely the government has rarely prosecuted to enforce copyright when data is requested by an individual or group even when the reason for request is commercial in nature.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; "><b>IP Protection for the Government</b></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">Most of data compiled by or commissioned for by the government is raw data in the form of figures and statistics. Generally, non-original literary works are not protected by copyright law and this issue was decided upon in a landmark Supreme Court case in 2007. The standard of originality was changed from the labor expended on compiling the information (also known as the ‘sweat of the brow’ doctrine)<a href="#fn44" name="fr44">[44] </a>to the creativity, skill and judgment required in the process. This meant that most of the government’s data would not qualify as creative enough to hold a copyright.</p>
<table class="listing">
<tbody>
<tr>
<th>Case Study: The Department of Agriculture, Maharashtra</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: justify; ">
<p>The Department of Agriculture (DoA) in Pune started using ICTs in 1986 itself when it used a computerized system to process census data. The DoA currently uses ICT for internal administrative word and also for processing and disseminating data to farmers across Maharashtra both online and through SMSs. The website is bilingual in both Marathi (the local language of the State) and English.</p>
<p>Some of the information available includes<a href="#fn45" name="fr45">[45] </a></p>
<ol>
<li>The participation of Maharashtra farmers in the National Agriculture Insurance Scheme</li>
<li>Annual growth rates of agriculture and animal husbandry</li>
<li>Rainfall recording and analysis</li>
<li>Soil and crop, horticultural, soil/water conservation, agricultural inputs, statistical and district-wise fertility maps.</li>
<li>Farmers can sign up for SMS’s that give information specific to the crop requested.</li>
</ol>
<p>Even though information in 2010 was available on 43 different crops which was sent to 40,000 farmers, people don’t have the technology to access all this information. Usually this is because of a lack of reliable electricity, internet and mobile phone access. The question is whether the open data responsibility ends as long as the data is made available by the government. Sometimes, the government has to make a discretionary decision to not make certain data available to the common man in the interest of public order. An example is if there is a crop that is infested with a disease or a pest, then it could cause a mass panic not only among farmers but also among the general consumers.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="listing">
<tbody>
<tr>
<th>Case Study: Indian Water Portal</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>The Indian Water Portal<a href="#fn46" name="fr46">[46] </a> in Bangalore claims that it is an open, inclusive, webbased platform for sharing water management knowledge amongst practitioners and the general public. It aims to draw on the rich experience of watersector experts, package their knowledge and add value to it through technology and then disseminate it to a larger audience through the Internet."<a href="#fn47" name="fr47">[47] </a></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">Based the recommendations of the National Knowledge Commission (NKC), the IWP has established the best practices. It has been running on the open source software Drupal Software since 2007, and it is available in Hindi, Kannada and English. This portal also has an educational aspect to it as it provides reading material to students who wish to learn about water issues. Although this website was set up with the support of the national government, it hasn’t gotten much support from ministries and departments which is problematic as they produce the most amount of information on water and sanitation.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">This is, however, a great example of a partnership between private and public that has led to accessible open government data. The only problem here is that it is only accessible to people with access to the web but that may be a problem better solved by increasing access to the web.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<hr />
<p>[<a href="#fr1" name="fn1">1</a>]. Read more at <a class="external-link" href="http://dmlcentral.net/blog/nishant-shah/big-data-peoples-lives-and-importance-openness">http://dmlcentral.net/blog/nishant-shah/big-data-peoples-lives-and-importance-openness</a></p>
<p>[<a href="#fr2" name="fn2">2</a>]. For more see GNU Operating System, “The Free Software Definition”, available at <a href="http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-sw.html">http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-sw.html</a>, last accessed on January 26, 2014.</p>
<p>[<a href="#fr3" name="fn3">3</a>]. Read more at <a href="http://freeopensourcesoftware.org/index.php?title=History">http://freeopensourcesoftware.org/index.php?title=History</a></p>
<p>[<a href="#fr4" name="fn4">4</a>]. For more see Millennium Development Goals, <i>United Nations</i>, available at <a href="http://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/bkgd.shtml">http://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/bkgd.shtml</a>, last accessed on January 26, 2014.</p>
<p>[<a href="#fr5" name="fn5">5</a>]. For more see “Free and Open Source Software”, Communication and Information, <i>UNESCO</i>, available at <a href="http://www.unesco.org/new/en/communication-and-information/access-to-knowledge/free-and-open-source-software-foss/">http://www.unesco.org/new/en/communication-and-information/access-to-knowledge/free-and-open-source-software-foss/</a>, last accessed on January 26, 2014.</p>
<p>[<a href="#fr6" name="fn6">6</a>]. Read more at <a href="http://freeopensourcesoftware.org/index.php?title=Organizations">http://freeopensourcesoftware.org/index.php?title=Organizations</a></p>
<p>[<a href="#fr7" name="fn7">7</a>]. Read more at <a href="http://freeopensourcesoftware.org/index.php?title=Licenses">http://freeopensourcesoftware.org/index.php?title=Licenses</a></p>
<p>[<a href="#fr8" name="fn8">8</a>]. See citation 6 above.</p>
<p>[<a href="#fr9" name="fn9">9</a>]. For more see GNU Operating System, Why “Free Software” is better than “Open Source” <a href="https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-software-for-freedom.html">https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-software-for-freedom.html</a>, last accessed on January 26, 2014.</p>
<p>[<a href="#fr10" name="fn10">10</a>]. For more see Free Software Movement of India, available at <a href="http://www.fsmi.in/">http://www.fsmi.in/</a>, last accessed on January 26, 2014.</p>
<p>[<a href="#fr11" name="fn11">11</a>]. See the Department of Electronics and Information Technology, Ministry of Communications & Information Technology, Government of India, Free and Open Source Software available at <a href="http://deity.gov.in/content/free-and-open-source-software">http://deity.gov.in/content/free-and-open-source-software</a>, last accessed on January 26, 2014.</p>
<p>[<a href="#fr12" name="fn12">12</a>]. See citation above.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">[<a href="#fr13" name="fn13">13</a>]. For more see Curoverse Gets $1.5M to Develop Open Source Genomics Tool, available at <a href="http://www.xconomy.com/boston/2013/12/18/curoverse-gets-1-5m-develop-open-source-genomics-tool/2/">http://www.xconomy.com/boston/2013/12/18/curoverse-gets-1-5m-develop-open-source-genomics-tool/2/</a>, last accessed on January 26, 2014.</p>
<p>[<a href="#fr14" name="fn14">14</a>]. For more see The Open-Sorcerers, available at <a href="http://slate.me/18NNx4x">http://slate.me/18NNx4x</a>, last accessed on January 24, 2014.</p>
<p>[<a href="#fr15" name="fn15">15</a>]. For more see “Open Standards Requirements for Software – Rationale”, Open Source Initiative, available at <a href="http://opensource.org/osr-rationale">http://opensource.org/osr-rationale</a>, last accessed on January 26, 2014.</p>
<p>[<a href="#fr16" name="fn16">16</a>]. See citation above.</p>
<p>[<a href="#fr17" name="fn17">17</a>]. Ibid.</p>
<p>[<a href="#fr18" name="fn18">18</a>]. For more see “An emerging understanding of Open Standards”, available at <a href="http://blogs.fsfe.org/greve/?p=160">http://blogs.fsfe.org/greve/?p=160</a>, last accessed on January 26, 2014.</p>
<p>[<a href="#fr19" name="fn19">19</a>]. <a href="http://perens.com/OpenStandards/Definition.html">http://perens.com/OpenStandards/Definition.html</a></p>
<p>[<a href="#fr20" name="fn20">20</a>]. For more see Open Standards Requirements for Software – Rationale, available at <a href="http://opensource.org/osr">http://opensource.org/osr</a>, last accessed on January 26, 2014.</p>
<p>[<a href="#fr21" name="fn21">21</a>]. See “Definition of Open Standards”, available at <a href="http://www.w3.org/2005/09/dd-osd.html">http://www.w3.org/2005/09/dd-osd.html</a>, last accessed on January 27, 2014.</p>
<p>[<a href="#fr22" name="fn22">22</a>]. Hari Prasad Nadig talking about Wikipedia Community building at Train the Trainer Program organised by CIS, November 29, 2013, available at <a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=scEZewFJXUU">http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=scEZewFJXUU</a>, last accessed on February 1, 2014.</p>
<p>[<a href="#fr23" name="fn23">23</a>]. India Access to Knowledge meta page available at <a href="http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/India_Access_To_Knowledge">http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/India_Access_To_Knowledge</a> , last accessed on February 1, 2014.</p>
<p>[<a href="#fr24" name="fn24">24</a>]. What is Hindi Wikipedia?, CIS-A2K, available at <a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=96Lzxglp5W4&list=PLe81zhzU9tTTuGZg41mXLXve6AMboaxzD">http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=96Lzxglp5W4&list=PLe81zhzU9tTTuGZg41mXLXve6AMboaxzD</a>, last accessed on February 1, 2014.</p>
<p>[<a href="#fr25" name="fn25">25</a>]. Interview with Netha Hussain at WikiWomenCamp in Buenos Aires 2012, available at <a href="http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:WWC-Netha-Hussain.ogv">http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:WWC-Netha-Hussain.ogv</a> , last accessed on February 2, 2014.</p>
<p>[<a href="#fr26" name="fn26">26</a>]. See interview of Poongothai Balasubramanian at <a href="http://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Thank_You/Poongothai_Balasubramanian">http://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Thank_You/Poongothai_Balasubramanian</a>, last accessed on February 1, 2014.</p>
<p>[<a href="#fr27" name="fn27">27</a>]. For more see Berlin Declaration on Open Access to Knowledge in the Sciences and Humanities, available at <a href="http://openaccess.mpg.de/286432/Berlin-Declaration">http://openaccess.mpg.de/286432/Berlin-Declaration</a>, last accessed on February 1, 2014.</p>
<p>[<a href="#fr28" name="fn28">28</a>]. See Social Science Research Network, available at <a href="http://www.ssrn.com/">http://www.ssrn.com/</a>, last accessed on January 27, 2014.</p>
<p>[<a href="#fr29" name="fn29">29</a>]. RePEc, available at <a href="http://www.repec.org/">http://www.repec.org/</a>, last accessed on January 26, 2014.</p>
<p>[<a href="#fr30" name="fn30">30</a>]. Cite Seer X, available at <a href="http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/">http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/</a>, last accessed on January 26, 2014.</p>
<p>[<a href="#fr31" name="fn31">31</a>]. Registry of Open Access Repositories, available at <a href="http://roar.eprints.org/">http://roar.eprints.org/</a>, last accessed on January 26, 2014.</p>
<p>[<a href="#fr32" name="fn32">32</a>]. The Directory of Open Access Repositories, available at <a href="http://www.opendoar.org/">http://www.opendoar.org/</a>, last accessed on January 26, 2014.</p>
<p>[<a href="#fr33" name="fn33">33</a>]. For more see Why Open Data, available at <a href="http://okfn.org/opendata/">http://okfn.org/opendata/</a>, last accessed on January 26, 2014.</p>
<p>[<a href="#fr34" name="fn34">34</a>]. Image obtained from <a href="http://okfn.org/opendata/">http://okfn.org/opendata/</a></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">[<a href="#fr35" name="fn35">35</a>]. For more see Glover Wright, Pranesh Prakash, Sunil Abraham, Nishant Shah and Nisha Thompson, “Report on Open Government Data in India, Version 2 Draft”, <i>Centre for Internet and Society</i>, available at <a href="http://editors.cis-india.org/openness/publications/ogd-draft-v2/">http://cis-india.org/openness/publications/ogd-draft-v2/</a>, last accessed on January 25, 2014.</p>
<p>[<a href="#fr36" name="fn36">36</a>]. For more see Open Data Handbook, available at <a href="http://opendatahandbook.org/en/">http://opendatahandbook.org/en/</a> , last accessed on January 29, 2014.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">[<a href="#fr37" name="fn37">37</a>]. For more see Janet Wagner, “Government Data: Web APIs vs. Bulk Data Files”, <i>programmable web</i>, available at <a href="http://blog.programmableweb.com/2012/03/28/government-data-web-apis-vs-bulk-data-files/">http://blog.programmableweb.com/2012/03/28/government-data-web-apis-vs-bulk-data-files/</a>, last accessed on January 31, 2014.</p>
<p>[<a href="#fr38" name="fn38">38</a>]. Read more at <a class="external-link" href="http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/blogs/blog-datadelve/article5314288.ece">http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/blogs/blog-datadelve/article5314288.ece</a></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">[<a href="#fr39" name="fn39">39</a>]. For more see Glover Wright, Pranesh Prakash, Sunil Abraham and Nishant Shah, “Open Government Data Study: India”, <i>Centre for Internet and Society</i>, available at <a href="http://editors.cis-india.org/openness/publications/open-government.pdf">http://cis-india.org/openness/publications/open-government.pdf</a>, last accessed on January 26, 2014.</p>
<p>[<a href="#fr40" name="fn40">40</a>]. Read more at <a class="external-link" href="http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=82025">http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=82025</a></p>
<p>[<a href="#fr41" name="fn41">41</a>]. Read the guidelines at <a class="external-link" href="http://data.gov.in/sites/default/files/NDSAP_Implementation_Guidelines-2.1.pdf">http://data.gov.in/sites/default/files/NDSAP_Implementation_Guidelines-2.1.pdf</a></p>
<p>[<a href="#fr42" name="fn42">42</a>]. See the Right to Information Act, 2005, available at <a href="http://rti.gov.in/rti-act.pdf">http://rti.gov.in/rti-act.pdf</a>, last accessed on January 25, 2014.</p>
<p>[<a href="#fr43" name="fn43">43</a>]. See the Copyright Act, 1957, available at <a href="http://www.indiaip.com/india/copyrights/acts/act1957/act1957.htm">http://www.indiaip.com/india/copyrights/acts/act1957/act1957.htm</a>, last accessed on January 25, 2014.</p>
<p>[<a href="#fr44" name="fn44">44</a>]. See note above.</p>
<p>[<a href="#fr45" name="fn45">45</a>]. See note above.</p>
<p>[<a href="#fr46" name="fn46">46</a>]. For more see Glover Wright, Pranesh Prakash, Sunil Abraham and Nishant Shah, “Open Government Data Study: India”, <i>Centre for Internet and Society</i>, available at <a href="http://editors.cis-india.org/openness/publications/open-government.pdf">http://cis-india.org/openness/publications/open-government.pdf</a>, last accessed on January 26, 2014.</p>
<p>[<a href="#fr47" name="fn47">47</a>]. For more see India Water Portal, available at <a href="http://www.indiawaterportal.org/">http://www.indiawaterportal.org/</a>, last accessed on January 26, 2014.</p>
<p>
For more details visit <a href='http://editors.cis-india.org/telecom/knowledge-repository-on-internet-access/openness'>http://editors.cis-india.org/telecom/knowledge-repository-on-internet-access/openness</a>
</p>
No publisherSubbiah Arunachalam and Anirudh SridharOpennessOpen AccessAccess to Knowledge2014-05-30T07:59:15ZPageOSOD 2013: International Workshop on Open Science and Open Data
http://editors.cis-india.org/news/international-workshop-open-science-and-open-data
<b>Nehaa Chaudhari was a panelist at the International Workshop on Open Science and Open Data, 2013, held on October 07, 2013 at the Indian Statistical Institute. She gave a presentation on "Government Copyright and the Open Access Conundrum" </b>
<p>Parts of this presentation draw from <a href="http://editors.cis-india.org/a2k/blog/yojana-august-2013-pranesh-prakash-copyrights-and-copywrongs-why-the-govt-should-embrace-the-public-domain" class="external-link">Pranesh Prakash's views on Government Copyright</a>. Special thanks to Bhairav Acharya for his valuable inputs and feedback.</p>
<hr />
<p style="text-align: justify; ">Documentation Research and Training Centre, Indian Statistical Institute along with Creative Commons USA held this workshop. The main objective of this workshop was to bring together international experts, practitioners and advocates of Open Access to information to discuss and contemplate on key issues contributing to Open Science. The workshop also aimed to serve as a platform for institutions, academicians, scientists and researchers interested in Open Science to exchange thoughts and processes 'How To' create Open content within legal framework.</p>
<h3 style="text-align: justify; ">Key Speakers</h3>
<ol>
<li><span><b>Puneet Kishor</b> (Policy Coordinator for Science and Data, Creative Commons)</span></li>
<li><span> <b>ARD Prasad</b> (DRTC, Indian Statistical Institute, India)<br /></span></li>
<li><span><b>Devika P. Madalli</b> (DRTC, Indian Statistical Institute, India)</span><span><span><b> </b></span><span><b> </b></span></span></li>
<li><span><span><b>Giridhar Manepalli</b> (CNRI, USA)</span><span><span><b> </b></span><span><b> </b></span></span></span></li>
<li><span><span><span><b>Usha Munshi</b> (Indian Institute of Public Administartion, India)</span><span><span><b> </b></span><span><b> </b></span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span><span><span><span><b>Subbiah Arunachalam </b>(Information Scientist, India)</span><span><span><b> </b></span><span><b> </b></span></span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span><span><span><span><span><b>Sridhar Parishetty</b> (</span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span>Centre for Inclusive Governance, Bangalore)</span><span><span><b> </b></span><span><b> </b></span></span></span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span><span><span><span><span><span><b>Nehaa Chaudhari</b> (Centre for Internet and Society, Bangalore)</span><span><span><b> </b></span><span><b> </b></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><b>R. Prabhakar</b> (India Biodiversity Portal, Bangalore)<span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><b>Nisha Thompson</b> (Arghyam)<span><b> </b></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></li>
<li> <span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><b>Yashas Shetty</b> (Srishti, Centre For Experimental Media Arts, Bangalore) </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></li>
</ol> <ol> </ol>
<hr />
<ul>
<li> <a class="external-link" href="http://drtc.isibang.ac.in/osod/programme">Read the agenda here</a></li>
<li>Download Nehaa's presentation titled <a href="http://editors.cis-india.org/openness/blog/osod-2013.ppt" class="internal-link">Government Accessibility and Copyright Conundrum here</a></li>
</ul>
<p>
For more details visit <a href='http://editors.cis-india.org/news/international-workshop-open-science-and-open-data'>http://editors.cis-india.org/news/international-workshop-open-science-and-open-data</a>
</p>
No publisherpraskrishnaOpennessOpen ContentOpen AccessAccess to Knowledge2013-10-22T11:02:49ZNews ItemGFM 2013
http://editors.cis-india.org/news/gfm-2013
<b>Nishant Shah participated in a panel discussion with Wendy Chun, Tom Levine and Geert Lovink , around 'The End of Bibliographies: New Media and Research'. Nishant also participated as a panelist in a panel discussion on 'Open Up: Pragmatism and Politics of Open Access'. The programme was held at the University of Luneberg in Germany from October 3 to 5, 2013.</b>
<p style="text-align: justify; "><b><a class="external-link" href="http://gfm2013.blogspot.de/p/programm.html">Read the original posted on GFM Blogspot</a></b></p>
<hr />
<p style="text-align: justify; "><b>Donnerstag, 03. Oktober 2013, ab 10:00 Uhr</b> - Registrierung im Hörsaalgang<br /> <br /> <b>Begrüßung | Donnerstag, 03. Oktober 2013, 12:00 Uhr–13:30 Uhr in C HS1</b><br /> Grußworte und Eröffnungsvortrag von Hans Jörg Rheinberger (Berlin) Wissenschaftsgeschichte und das Wissen der Medien <br /> <br /> Mittagessen | Donnerstag, 03. Oktober 2013, 13:30 Uhr–14:30 Uhr in der Mensa<br /> <br /> <b>Session 1 | Donnerstag, 03. Oktober 2013, 14:30 Uhr–16:30 Uhr</b> <br /><i>Panel 1.1 | Maß und Medium – Medien der Messung in C HS3</i> <br /> Elektrisierte Zeit. Mediale Strategien in Helmholtz’ Messung der Nervenleitgeschwindigkeit von Henning Schmidgen (Regensburg)<br /> <br /> Nachhall: Schallmessung im elektroakustischen Zeitalter von Roland Wittje (Regensburg) <br /> <br /> Measuring with moving images in Albert Michotte’s perception experiments von Sigrid Leyssen (Paris | Regensburg) <br /> <br /> Understanding Television: TV – als Meßgerätegeschichte von Bernhard Dotzler (Regensburg)<br /> <br /> Moderation: Markus Krajewski (Lüneburg | Weimar)<br /> <br /> <i><i>Panel</i> 1.2 | Medienanthropologische Szenarien. Wie situieren sich die Medien der Psychophysik und Psychologie? in </i><i>C HS4</i><br /> <br /> Intensität und Infinitesimales. Grenzen der Messbarkeit bei Hermann Cohen und Gilles Deleuze von Astrid Deuber-Mankowsky (Bochum)<br /> <br />Empfindung, Wahrnehmbarkeit, Medialität. Historische Psychologie und ihre Medien von Anna Tuschling (Bochum)<br /> <br />Was Zahlen in der sozialpsychologischen Medienwirkungsforschung erzählen. Das Problem der »Gewaltmedien« <br /> von Estrid Sørensen (Bochum) <br /> <br /> Moderation: Christoph Engemann (Lüneburg) <br /> <i><i> </i></i><br /> <i><i>Panel</i> 1.3 | Mediale Bedingungen von Behinderung in C HS5</i> <br /><br />Die (Re-)Sozialisierung technischer Objekte in Patientennetzwerken. Ein Fallbeispiel zur Herstellung des Cochlea-Implantats von Markus Spöhrer (Konstanz)<br /> <br /> Netzhautimplantate und Eyeborgs. Visualisierungstechniken zwischen Prothese und Human Enhancement von Robert Stock (Konstanz)<br /> <br />Zur Produktion von Behinderung im Fotoarchiv von Anna Grebe (Konstanz) <br /> <br /> Zur Um/Bildung von Gemeinschaften. Das Cochlea-Implantat und die »Sourds en colère« von Beate Ochsner (Konstanz) <br /> <br />Moderation: Anne Ganzert (Konstanz) <br /> <i><i> </i></i><br /> <i><i>Panel</i> 1.4 | (Film-)Wissen als Modus der Kinoerfahrung in </i><i>C 14.027</i> <br /> <br /> Transnationale Filmgeschichte(n) schreiben von Wolfgang Fuhrmann (Zürich)<br /> <br /> Filmwissenschaft und ihre Quellen. Historisches Wissen und digitale Repräsentationsformen von Film und Kino von Franziska Heller (Zürich) <br /> <br /> Filmwissen/Erfahrungswissen/Kinoerfahrung. Anmerkungen zum Verhältnis von Kinoerfahrung und Wissenserwerb von Florian Mundhenke (Leipzig)<br /> <br /> Moderation: Florian Mundhenke (Leipzig) <br /> <i><i> </i></i></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; "><i><i>Panel </i>1.5 | Was vom Leben bleibt in </i> <i>C 14.001</i> <br /> <br /> Vom täglichen Kampf gegen das ›Gestaltsehen‹ und der Hartnäckigkeit von Bildtraditionen. Biologisches Wissen auf der Schwelle eines Medienwandels von Nina Samuel (New York | Berlin)<br /> <br /> Über zwei Arten des Gebrauchs von Datenbanken in der Molekularbiologie von Robert Meunier (Berlin)</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">Moderation: Janina Wellmann (Lüneburg) <br /> <i><i> </i></i><i><i></i></i></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; "><i><i>Workshop </i>1.6 | Fakturen in </i><i>C 14.006 </i></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">In der <a href="http://gfm2013.blogspot.de/p/ausstellung.html">Ausstellung </a>»Fakturen – Medien der Wissenschaften«, die anlässlich der GfM–Tagung an der Leuphana stattfindet, reflektieren Künstler_innen wie Martin John Callanan (UK), Driessens & Verstappen (NL), Sabrina Raaf (US), Jan Peter E.R. Sonntag (D) und Herwig Turk (A|PT) über die Ästhetik wissenschaftlicher Instrumentarien, Modelle und Methoden.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">In diesem Workshop stellen die Künstler_innen ihre Projekte vor und diskutieren mit den Teilnehmer_innen die spezifischen Erkenntnismöglichkeiten künstlerischer Forschung und Darstellung. <br /> <br /> Organisiert vom Leuphana Arts Program (Andreas Broeckmann, Alexandra Waligorski) mit freundlicher Unterstützung des Kunstraum der Leuphana Universität Lüneburg. <i> </i><br /> <br /> <i>AG-Treffen 1.7 | Comicforschung</i> in <i>C 12.001</i><br /> <br /> <i><i>AG-Treffen</i> 1.8 | Auditive Kultur und Sound Studies in </i><i>C 12.006 </i> <br /> <br /> Kaffeepause | Donnerstag, 03. Oktober 2013, 16:30 Uhr–17:00 Uhr im Hörsaalgang<br /> <br /> <b>Session 2 | Donnerstag, 03. Oktober 2013, 17:00 Uhr–19:00 Uhr</b> <i> </i><br /> <i>Panel 2.1 | Medien der Philologie – Philologie der Medien in C HS3</i> <br /> <br /> Was ist eine medienphilologische Frage? von Rupert Gaderer (Bochum)<br /> <br /> Ist Medienphilologie reaktionär? von Friedrich Balke (Bochum)<br /> <br /> Medienphilologie als Verfahren von Natalie Binczek (Bochum) <br /> <br /> Braucht die Medienwissenschaft Philologie? von Harun Maye (Weimar) <br /> <br /> Moderation: Daniel Eschkötter (Weimar) <br /> <i><i> </i></i><br /> <i><i>Panel</i> 2.2 | Kosmotechnologie in </i><i>C HS4</i> <br /> <br /> Freischwebende Sterne im Stereokomparator von Kohei Suzuki (Berlin) <br /> <br /> Nomos, Physis, Techné. Zum Konzept der Kosmotechnologie bei Walter Benjamin von Hans-Christian von Herrmann (Berlin) <br /> <br /> Vektorkosmologie. Buckminster Fullers Ausdehnungslehre von Christina Vagt (Berlin) <br /> <br /> Das Projektionsplanetarium als Medium kosmologischer Weltbilder von Julian Furrer (Berlin)<br /> <br /> Moderation: Isabell Schrickel (Lüneburg)<br /> <i><i> </i></i><br /> <i><i>Panel</i> 2.3 | Akustische Medien als Werkzeuge wissenschaftlicher Erkenntnis in </i><i>C HS5</i><br /> <br /> Stimmgabeln. Vom Lernen über das Hören und der Verwissenschaftlichung des Gehörs am Beispiel der Zeitschrift für Psychologie und Physiologie der Sinnesorgane (1890–1915) von Heiner Stahl (Erfurt) <br /> <br /> Geschulte Ohren und akustische Repräsentation. Zur Geschichte der auditiven Kultur der Naturwissenschaften von Axel Volmar (Siegen) <br /><br />Tiere, Töne: Tatsachen? Zur Rolle von Medientechnologien in bioakustischer Feldforschung von Judith Willkomm (Siegen) <br /> <br /> Insect Noise in Stored Foodstuff. Zur Interferenz von Wissenschaft und Kunst im Feld der Radiophonie von Ania Mauruschat (Basel)<br /> <br /> Moderation: Ute Holl (Basel) <br /> <i><i> </i></i><br /> <i><i>Panel</i> 2.4 | Wissenschaft und Audiovision. Vom Denken in und mit bewegten Bildern</i> in<i> </i><i>C 14.027</i> <br /> <br /> Filmmaterial, Fühlbarkeit und Diskurs von Naomi Rolef (Berlin) <br /> <br /> What you see is what you get. Zur Rhetorik wissenschaftlicher Vorträge von Christina Schmitt (Berlin) | Sarah Greifenstein (Berlin) <br /> <br /> Animierte Filmwissenschaft. Multimediale Publikation und analytische Zugänge zur Ästhetik audiovisueller Medien <br /> von Jan-Hendrik Bakels (Berlin) | Cilli Poggoda (Berlin)<br /> <br /> Das Gehirn als Kosmos. Neurowissenschaftliche Bilder und ihre Präsentation in populärwissenschaftlichen audiovisuellen Formaten von Regina Brückner (Berlin) | Sarah Greifenstein (Berlin) <br /> <br /> Moderation: Andreas Kirchner (Lüneburg) <br /> <i> </i><br /> <i><i>Panel</i> 2.5 | Experimentelle Anordnungen zur Erforschung des Medialen in </i><i>C 14.001</i> <br /> <br /> Stil, Experiment und Medium – die epistemische Dimension des Stilbegriffs in Wissenschaft und Kunst von Veronika Pöhnl (Konstanz) <br /> <br /> Experimental Television: Versuchsanordnungen der Fernsehkunst von Samantha Schramm (Konstanz)<br /> <br /> Die Erkundung des »videospace« in der Arbeit des National Center for Experiments in Television (1967–1975) <br /> von Barbara Filser (Karlsruhe) <br /> <br /> Wenn das Wohnzimmer zum Labor wird von Matthias Wieser (Klagenfurt) <br /> <br /> Moderation: Isabell Otto (Konstanz) <br /> <i><i> </i></i><br /> <i><i>Panel</i> 2.6 | Medien im Maßstab. Wie sich Feld- und Laborforschung als situierte Medienpraxis untersuchen lassen in </i><i>C 14.006</i> <br /> <br /> Sammeln, Ordnen, Vergleichen. Über die Domestizierung fremder Dinge von Anna Brus (Siegen) <br /> <br /> Andere Medien? Anderes Wissen? Anderes Streiten? Weblogs als Formen der internen Wissenschaftskommunikation von Matthias Meiler (Siegen) <br /> <br /> Wissenschaftsmedien in »freier Wildbahn«. Computersimulationen und gesellschaftliches Zukunftswissen in Wirtschaft und Politik von Cornelius Schubert (Siegen) <br /><br />Fliegen, Fotografieren und Wettermachen. Zur Relevanz fotografischer Praktiken im Cloud Seeding von Nadine Taha (Siegen) <br /> <br /> Moderation: Gabriele Schabacher (Siegen) <br /> <br /><i>AG-Treffen 2.7 | Medienkultur und Bildung</i> <i>in </i><i>C 12.001 </i><i><i>AG-Treffen</i> 2.8 | Medienwissenschaft und politische Theorie</i> in <i>C 12.006 </i><br /> <br /> Abendessen | Donnerstag, 03. Oktober 2013, 19:00 Uhr–20:30 Uhr in der Mensa<br /> <br /> <b>Podiumsdiskussion | Donnerstag, 03. Oktober 2013, 20:30 Uhr–21:30 Uhr</b> <br /><i>Am Ende der Bibliographien. Vom neuen (medialen) Selbstverständnis wissenschaftlichen Arbeitens in C HS 1</i><br /> mit: Wendy Chun (Providence | Lüneburg), Ute Holl (Basel),<b> </b>Thomas Y. Levin (Princeton | Lüneburg), Geert Lovink (Amsterdam | Lüneburg), Nishant Shah (Bangalore | Lüneburg), Frank Schirrmacher (Frankfurt) <br /> <br />Moderation: Wolfgang Hagen (Lüneburg)<br /><b> </b><br /> <b>Session 3 | Freitag, 04. Oktober 2013, 9:30 Uhr–11:30 Uhr</b> <br /><i> </i><i>Panel 3.1 | Dokumentarischer Film zwischen wissenschaftlicher Forschung und populärer Wissensvermittlung in </i><i>C HS 3</i> <br /> <br /> Die Welt mit dem Röntgenblick sehen von Kay Hoffmann (Stuttgart)<br /> <br /> Körperpolitik zwischen den Trümmern: Gesundheitsfilme aus der Besatzungszeit 1946 bis 1949 von Ursula von Keitz (Konstanz) <br /> <br /> Die Encyclopaedia Cinematographica – ein analoger Computer von Eva Knopf (Berlin)<br /> <br /> Dokumentarische Langzeitstudien als Gegenstand und Verfahren sozialwissenschaftlicher Forschung von Britta Hartmann (Bonn)<br /> <br /> Moderation: Thomas Weber (Hamburg) <br /> <br /> <i>Panel 3.2 | Informationsumwelten in </i><i>C HS 4</i><br /> Record and Erase: Magnettonbandtechnik und die Historiographie des Kalten Kriegs von Monika Dommann (Zürich)<br /> <br /> What you see is what you get? Grafische Benutzeroberflächen als infrastrukturelle Bildsysteme von Margarete Pratschke (Zürich) <br /> <br /> Die Grenzen der Cyborgmetaphorik. Zur Rolle des fliegerischen Gefühls im Zeitalter der Flugautomation von Christian Kehrt (Hamburg)<br /> <br /> Psychologie und Schalttafel. Oder, Informationszeitalter »from below« von Max Stadler (Zürich) <br /> <br /> Moderation: Cornelius Borck (Lübeck) <br /> <br /> <i>Panel 3.3 | Aperture Sciences. Spielen im Labor des Spielens in </i><i>C HS 5</i> <br /> <br /> »The Cake is a Lie«. Das Portal-Labor als Verhaltensexperiment von Rolf F. Nohr (Braunschweig) <br /> <br /> Von sprechenden Kartoffeln und anderen (epistemischen) Dingen. Portal als Experimentalensemble von Markus Rautzenberg (Berlin) <br /> <br /> Laborgeschichten von Benjamin Beil (Köln) <br /> <br /> »Know your paradoxes!« Das Computerspiel als multistabiles Bild von Thomas Hensel (Siegen) <br /> <br /> Moderation: Panelteilnehmer <br /> <i><i> </i></i><br /> <i><i>Panel</i> 3.4 | Szenariotechniken des Anthropozäns. Daten, Kosmogramme, Simulationen in </i><i>C 14.027</i><br /> Analoge Signale. Das Anthropozän im geohistorischen Rauschen von Christoph Rosol (Berlin) <br /> <br /> Welt – Bild – Technik. Zum Begriff des Visineerings von Isabell Schrickel (Berlin)<br /> <br /> Burning Planets – Kosmogramm des Anthropozäns? Eine Medienkritik der Klimavisualisierung von Birgit Schneider (Potsdam) <br /> <br /> Vernetzte Daten – Webbasierte Datenbanken in der Klimafolgenforschung von Christine Hanke (Potsdam) <br /> <br /> Moderation: Sebastian Vehlken (Lüneburg) <br /><br /><i>Panel 3.5 | Vor Augen führen in </i><i>C 14.001 </i> <br /> <br /> Von Bildern, die »freylich noch vollkommener seyn könnten«. Vetreter der frühen Hirnforschung als Bildkritiker von Wibke Larink (Hamburg)<br /> <br /> Orpheus im Atlas oder: Das epistemische Bild bei Aby Warburg von Eva Frey (Lüneburg) <br /> <br /> Aufzeichnen. Transformieren. Verzeichnen. Medien der Geschichtsschreibung ephemerer Kunstformen (Performance und Aufführungen) von Barbara Büscher (Leipzig | Köln)<br /> <br /> Medien der Medienwissenschaft. Zwischen Gebrauchs- und Diskursgeschichte von Martina Leeker (Lüneburg)<br /> <br /> Moderation: Wolfgang Hagen (Lüneburg) <br /> <br /><i>Workshop 3.6 | Das Wissen der Instrumente in </i><i>C 14.006</i><br /> <i> </i> <br />Der Workshop »Das Wissen der Instrumente« präsentiert konkrete (medien-)instrumentale Settings als Materialisierungen ästhetischen Wissens. Dabei wird sensorische Medienarbeit mit akademischen Diskursen kurzgeschlossen. Dafür werden die Settings nicht nur in theoretischen Statements vorgestellt, sondern auch von den Teilnehmenden praktisch erprobt. <br /> <br /> Organisiert vom Schwerpunktbereich
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Ästhetische Strategien des Instituts für Kultur und Ästhetik Digitaler Medien, Leuphana Universität Lüneburg (Rolf Großmann, Sarah-Indriyati Hardjowirogo, Andreas Otto, Malte Pelleter) und der Forschungsstelle Musik und Medientechnologie der Universität Osnabrück (Arne Bense). <br /> <br /><i>AG-Treffen 3.7 | </i><i>Medien und Kunst / Kunst und Medien in </i><i>C 12.001 </i> <br /> <br /><i>AG-Treffen 3.8 | Daten und Netzwerke in </i><i>C 12.006 </i><br /> <br />Kaffeepause | Freitag, 04. Oktober 2013, 11:30 Uhr–12:00 Uhr im Hörsaalgang<br /> <br /> <b> Session 4 | Freitag, 04. Oktober 2013, 12:00 Uhr–13:30 Uhr</b><i> </i><br /> <i><i>Panel</i> 4.1 | Wissensmedium Patent – Kulturtechnik Patentieren in </i><i>C HS 3</i><br /> <br /> Patentstörungen. Sollbruchstörungen im Medium des Patents von Christian Kassung (Berlin)<br /> <br /> Be it known that I ... - Digitalisierte historische Patente als Gegenstand wissenschaftlicher Forschung von Marius Hug (Berlin) <br /><br />Was erzählt ein Patent? Casellis bildtelegraphische Patente als Medien der Wissenschaften von Julia Zons (Konstanz)<br /> <br /> Moderation: Thomas Brandstetter (Basel) <br /> <br /><i>Panel 4.2 | Verhalten bilden in </i><i>C HS 4 </i> <br /> <br /> Wahnsinnige Bilder. Zu einer medialen Wissensgeschichte des Irrationalen um 1900 von Veronika Rall (Zürich)<br /> <br /> Familien-stellen. Zur Medialität der systemischen Therapie von Katja Rothe (Berlin) <br /> <br /> Fotografie, vergleichende Verhaltensforschung und Evolutionslehre am Moskauer Darwin Museum von Margarete Vöhringer (Berlin)<br /> <br /> Moderation: Christoph Windgaetter (Berlin) <br /> <br /><i>Panel 4.3 |</i> <i>Programme verstehen - Verstehen programmieren in </i><i>C HS 5</i> <br /> <br /> Source Code als Quelle. Arbeiten mit Friedrich Kittlers Programmierwerk von Paul Feigelfeld (Berlin) | Peter Berz (Berlin) <br /> <br /> »Digital Humanities« und das neue Wissen der Bilder. Über Praxis, Theorie und Geschichte der apparativen Bildsortierung von Matthias Wannhoff (Berlin) <br /> <br /> Intermedialitätsbegriff und Sinnverstehen im Kontext alternativer Arbeitstechnik von Miklas Schulz (Lüneburg)<br /> <br /> Moderation: Martin Warnke (Lüneburg) <i> </i><br /> <br /> <i><i>Panel</i> 4.4 | Diagramme als Medien des Wissens in </i><i>C 14.027</i> <br /> <br /> Information als Konfiguration. Zum Verhältnis von Gestalt und Gehalt in Diagrammen von Matthias Bauer (Flensburg)<br /> <br /> Diagramme als Generatoren wissenschaftlicher Autorität von Christoph Ernst (Erlangen | Nürnberg) <br /> <br /> Konfiguration, Leib und Geometrie. Merleau-Pontys Philosophie der Mathematik von Jan Wöbking (Berlin)<br /> <br /> Moderation: Gottfried Schnödl (Lüneburg) <br /> <i><i> </i></i><br /> <i><i>Panel</i> 4.5 | HIV|AIDS als visuelles Wissen in </i><i>C 14.001 </i> <br /> <br /> Der AIDS-Atlas. AIDS als klinisches Krankheitsbild von Lukas Engelmann (Berlin) <br /> <br /> Toxische Körper. Medien der Ansteckung und Affektpolitiken zur Zeit der frühen AIDS-Krise von Katrin Köppert (Berlin) <br /> <br /> »Art about AIDS«. Über die Konstruktion von Wissen über Menschen mit AIDS von Sophie Junge (Zürich)<br /> <br /> Moderation: Brigitte Weingart (Bonn) <br /> <i><i> </i></i><br /> <i><i>Panel</i> 4.6 | Wissenschaft in Serie. Fernsehen als Versuchsanordnung in </i><i>C 14.006</i><br /> <br />Serielle Epidemiologie von Daniela Wentz (Weimar) <br /> <br /> Situationen, Labor, Experiment. Die Sitcom als Medium der Wissenschaft des Menschen von Herbert Schwaab (Regensburg) <br /> <br /> Die Physik der Serie. Modell und Motiv der Tafel in »The Big Bang Theory« von Dominik Maeder (Siegen) <br /> <br /> Moderation: Thomas Waitz (Wien) <br /> <br /><i>AG-Treffen 4.7 | Genre Studies</i> <i>in </i><i>C 12.001</i> <br /><br /><i>AG-Treffen 4.8 | Games</i> <i>in </i><i>C 12.006</i> <br /><br />Mittagessen | Freitag, 04. Oktober 2013, 13:30 Uhr–14:30 Uhr in der Mensa<br /> <br /> <b>Session 5 | Freitag, 04. Oktober 2013, 14:30 Uhr–16:30 Uhr</b> <i><i> </i></i><br /> <i><i>Panel</i> 5.1 | Medien(Affekt)Wissen in </i><i>C HS 3</i><br /> <br /> »Von uns schweigen wir...«. Narrative Affektmodulationen in Philosophie und Wissenschaft von Bernd Bösel (Köln) <br /> <br /> Affektenlehre, Sonic Warfare und die Medienschriften der auditiven Affizierung von Rolf Großmann (Lüneburg) <br /> <br /> Verdrahtete und durchleuchtete Gehirne. Zur Verwendung von Videospielen in neurologischer und psychologischer Forschung von Serjoscha Wiemer (Paderborn) <br /> <br /> Affektmedialisierung im diskursiven und sozialen Bereich von Michaela Ott (Hamburg) <br /> <br /> Moderation: Marie-Luise Angerer (Köln) <br /> <i><i> </i></i><br /> <i><i>Panel</i> 5.2 | Geteilte Bilder. Fotografieforschung im Internet in C HS 4</i><br /> <br />Digitale Bildbestände als Grundlage neuer Visualisierungskulturen von Winfried Gerling (Potsdam)<br /> <br /> Die Wiederkehr des Analogen. Rezeptionsweisen von Fundfotografien von Susanne Holschbach (Berlin) <br /> <br /> Collective Collections. Wissensordnung digitaler Bildersammlungen von Petra Löffler (Berlin) <br /> <br /> Neue Bilder, alte Orte. Räume der Bildberichterstattung von Kathrin Peters (Oldenburg) <br /> <br /> Moderation: Katja Müller-Helle (Berlin) <br /> <i><i> </i></i><br /> <i><i>Panel</i> 5.3 | Das Wissen der Oberfläche in </i><i>C HS 5</i> <br /> Oberflächenmoderne von Stefan Rieger (Bochum) <br /> <br /> Das Display. Am Beispiel akustischer Texte von Natalie Binczek (Bochum) <br /> <br /> Oberflächen und Ränder des Urbanen. Photodokumentarische Forschungen um 1970 von Christoph Eggersglüß (Weimar) <br /><br />Vom Grund zur Oberfläche. Messung, Behandlung und Beschreibung von Oberflächen in volkssprachlichen Fachtexten der Frühen Neuzeit von Christina Lechtermann (Bochum) <br /> <br /> Moderation: Claus Pias (Lüneburg) <br /> <br /><i>Panel 5.4 | Passt schon! </i><i>in </i><i>C 14.027</i> <br /> <br /> »Pi mal Daumen«. Medien der Ingenieurswissenschaft zwischen »Applied Sciences« und »reiner« Wissenschaft von Florian Hoof (Frankfurt) <br /> <br /> Siegesversuchskörper. Planen, Prüfen, Erinnern von Ingo Landwehr (Berlin) <br /> <br /> Bilder von antizipierten Ruinen als Orte der Identitätsformation von Sibylle Machat (Flensburg) <br /> <br /> Messen ohne Skalen. Warum der Geigerzähler kein Messgerät ist von Marc-Robin Wendt (Berlin)<br /> <br /> Moderation: Peter Berz (Berlin) <br /> <i><i> </i></i><br /> <i><i>Panel</i> 5.5 | Weltfrieden. Medien und Methoden möglicher Zukünfte</i> <i>in </i><i>C 14.001</i> <br /> <br /> Nash Equilibrium von Ana Teixera Pinto (Berlin) <br /> <br /> Der globale Körper. Heinz von Foerster und Noa Eshkol am Biological Computer Laboratory von Eva Wilson (Berlin) <br /> <br /> Unzeitgenössische Welt von Ana Ofak (Berlin) <br /> <br /> Moderation: Isabell Schrickel (Lüneburg) <br /> <i><i> </i></i><br /> <i><i>Panel</i> 5.6 | Mediamorphosen der Wissenschaft. Zwischen Unsinn und Eigensinn</i> <i>in </i><i>C 14.006 </i> <br /> <br /> »Wenn Sie mir dies einmal beschreiben würden…«. »Medien der Wissenschaften« in audiovisuellen Essays von Alexander Kluge von Florian Wobser (Rostock) <br /> <br /> Philosophie diesseits der Wende zur Bildlichkeit. Der Buch-Bausatz Kant für die Hand als mediale Herausforderung <br /> von Hanno Depner (Rostock) <br /> <br /> Paranoische Decodierung. Zur Intermedialität einer Pseudowissenschaft von John Seidler (Rostock) <br /> <br /> Die Quantifizierung von Reputation in den Sozialwissenschaften. Zitationsindizes und Zeitschriftenrankings – reflexive oder vorreflexive Beziehung zur eigenen Medialität? von Dennis Wutzke (Rostock) <br /> <br /> Moderation: Elizabeth Prommer (Rostock) <br /> <br /><i>AG-Treffen 5.7 | Filmwissenschaft in </i><i>C 12.001</i> <br /><br /><i>AG-Treffen 5.8 | </i><i>Medienphilosophie in </i><i>C 12.006 </i><br /> <br /> Kaffeepause | Freitag, 04. Oktober 2013, 16:30 Uhr–17:00 Uhr im Hörsaalgang <br /> <br /> <b>Session 6 | Freitag, 04. Oktober 2013, 17:00 Uhr–19:00 Uhr</b> <i><i> </i></i><br /> <i><i>Panel</i> 6.1 | Medien der Universität in </i><i>C HS 3 </i><br /> <i> </i> <br />Die Medialität wissenschaftlicher Zeitschriften von Martina Franzen (Bielefeld) <br /> <br /> Medienreflektionen im 17. und 18. Jahrhundert: »Massenmedien im gelehrten Diskurs« von Kai Lohsträter (Hamburg) <br /> <br /> Entwürfe der Grenzüberschreitung. Interdisziplinarität und die mediale Konstitution von Epistemologien (1960 – 1980) von Susanne Schregel (Weimar) <br /> <br /> Das technische und das ökonomische Regime der Universität. Effekte der Ökonomisierung und des Internets auf Wissen und Lehre von Stefan Heidenreich (Lüneburg) <br /> <br /> Moderation: Claus Pias (Lüneburg) <br /> <i><i> </i></i><br /> <i><i>Panel</i> 6.2 | Mit/in/durch Medien? Praktiken der Medientheorie in C HS 4</i><br /> <br /> Trennen und Verbinden von Peter Bexte (Köln) <br /> <br /> Revidieren von Manuela Klaut (Weimar)<br /> <br /> Reflektieren von Katerina Krtilova (Weimar) <br /> <br /> Re-make von Katharina Wloszczynska (Weimar)<br /> <br /> Moderation: Lorenz Engell (Weimar) <br /> <br /><i>Workshop 6.3 | Open Up! The Politics and Pragmatics of Open Access in </i><i>C HS 5</i> <br /> Our academic landscape adapted fast to the disruption of Open Access: commercial publishers have started several successful Open Access platforms, and Open Access is by now the EU's official funding guideline. But there remain open questions. What modes of openness are called for in knowledge production and dissemination? Does the take-up of Open Access fully satisfy the drive towards openness stirred up by digital media? How is Open Access challenging academic research practices or even our understanding of knowledge? What are the limits to openness? The Hybrid Publishing Lab and its international guests will present their research. <br /> <br /> The workshop is also open to short example-oriented presentations of participants who want to engage in the discussion. Please email us beforehand at <a class="_mail" href="mailto:hybridpublishing@inkubator.leuphana">hybridpublishing@inkubator.leuphana</a>.de <br /> <br /> Organisiert vom Hybrid Publishing Lab der Leuphana Universität Lüneburg mit Janneke Adema (Coventry University) und Nishant Shah (Centre for Internet and Society, Bangalore). <br /> <i><i> </i></i><br /> <i><i>Panel</i> 6.4 | Wissenschaftsdiskursivierung im Medium Comic in </i><i>C 14.027</i> <br /> Comic als Medium der Wissenschaft von Jens Meinrenken (Berlin) <br /> <br /> Selbstreflexive Wissensvermittlungen im Comic. Wenn Comics Comics erklären von Simon Klingler (Hamburg) | Andreas Veits (Hamburg) <br /> <br /> Die Szenographie der Alltagsnavigation: Manga-Grafiken zur Darstellung von Wirkungszusammenhängen im öffentlichen Raum von Lukas Wilde (Tübingen) <br /> <br /> Ikonizität und Zeugenschaft. Dokumentarische Comics über den israelisch-palästinensischen Konflikt von Roman Mauer (Mainz) <br /> <br /> Moderation: Véronique Sina (Bochum) <br /> <i><i> </i></i><br /> <i><i>Panel</i> 6.5 | Modelle als Medien in </i><i>C 14.001</i> <br /> <br /> Fragile Netzwerke, zerbrechliche Schönheiten. Die Harvard Glass Flowers als Medien zwischen Wissenschaft und Kunst von Florian Huber (Wien) <br /> <br /> Von Modell zu Modell von Jan Müggenburg (Lüneburg) <br /><br />Modell-Licht-Bild. Medien im Mathematikunterricht 1910 bis 1920 von Anja Sattelmacher (Berlin) <br /> <br /> Drogulus. Ein mechanisches Modell maschinischen Lebens um 1960 von Thomas Brandstetter (Basel)<br /> <br /> Moderation: Stefan Rieger (Bochum) <br /> <i><i> </i></i><br /> <i><i>Panel</i> 6.6 | Wissenschaftskulturen der Bio- und Öko-Medialität in </i><i>C 14.006</i> <br /> Conways »Game of Life« zwischen Unterhaltungsspiel und epistemischem Werkzeug von Serjoscha Wiemer (Paderborn) <br /> <br /> »What I cannot create, I do not understand«. Synthetische Biologie, Biopolitik, Biomedialität von Martin Müller (Paderborn) <br /> <br /> Für eine kleine Ökologie von Maren Schwieger (Bochum) <br /> <br /> Leben im Kreis. Uexkülls Medien von Christoph Neubert (Paderborn) <br /> <br /> Moderation: Marie-Luise Angerer (Köln) <br /> <br /><i>AG-Treffen 6.7 | Treffen in </i><i>C 12.001</i><br /> <br /> 17:00 Uhr–18:00 Uhr: AG »Medienindustrien« <br />18:00 Uhr–19:00 Uhr: AG »Fotografieforschung« <br /> <br /><i>AG-Treffen 6.8 | Gender Studies und Medienwissenschaft in </i><i>C 12.006</i> <br /> <br /><b>Abendessen | Freitag, 04. Oktober 2013, 19:00 Uhr–20:30 Uhr</b> <br /> <br /> Buffet mit Weinempfang im Hörsaalgang <br /> <br /><b> </b><b>Keynote | Freitag, 04. Oktober 2013, 20:30 Uhr–21:30 Uhr</b> in C HS 1</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">Feierliche Eröffnung des Digital Cultures Research Lab der Leuphana Universität Lüneburg</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">Festvortrag von Bernard Stiegler (London)</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">Digital studies as an organology of mind<br /> anschließend Party im Salon Hansen <br /> <br /><b> </b><b>Session 7 | Samstag, 05. Oktober 2013, 9:30 Uhr–11:30 Uhr</b> <i><i> </i></i><br /> <br /> <i><i>Panel</i> 7.1 | KonferenzWissen in </i><i>C HS 3</i> <br /> <br /> Do’s and Don’ts and How to Break Them: Conferences and the Mediated Performance of Knowledge von Kristoffer Gansing (Berlin) <br /> <br /> Das Wissen der Versammlung. Vorschlag zur Einrichtung eines experimentellen Lecture Theatre von Sybille Peters (Gießen) <br /> <br /> Stammbücher als Medien der methodischen Orientierung von Anna Echterhölter (Berlin) <br /> <br /> Ethos, Pathos, Logos – Über Digitales Präsentieren von Wolfgang Hagen (Lüneburg) <br /> <br /> Moderation: Oliver Lerone-Schultz (Lüneburg) <br /> <i><i> </i></i><br /> <i><i>Panel</i> 7.2 | Medienbildung und Digital Humanities. </i><i>Die Medienvergessenheit technisierter Geisteswissenschaften in </i><i>C HS 4 </i> <br /> <br /> Die Digitalisierung der Medienwissenschaft? Computergestützte audiovisuelle Analyse und Software Studies – Methoden zur rechnergestützten medienwissenschaftlichen Forschung und Lehre von Petra Missomelius (Innsbruck) <br /> <br /> Unbegrenzte Möglichkeiten und die Grenzen der Möglichkeiten. Das Web 2.0 und seine Erkenntnispotentiale von Katja Grashöfer (Bochum) <br /> <br /> Digital (Media) Studies zwischen Datenbank und Narration von Roberto Simanowski (Basel) <br /><br />Algorithmische Kritik oder Kritik der Algorithmen? von Till Andreas Heilmann (Basel) <br /> <br /> Moderation: Petra Missomelius (Innsbruck) <br /> <i><i> </i></i><br /> <i><i>Panel</i> 7.3 | Aus dem Rahmen fallen in </i><i>C HS 5</i> <br /> <br /> Wuchernde Milieus. Meeresbiologische Medien um 1900 von Christina Wessely (Berlin)<br /> <br /> »The Breaking of the Second Frame«. Transgressive Denkfiguren der Avantgarde von Katja Müller-Helle (Berlin) <br /> <br /> Die Kinoleinwand als Ausstellungsobjekt von Dennis Göttel (Braunschweig) <br /> <br /> Touristische Selbst- und Fremdbeobachtung. Film, Reise und Reflexivität von Thomas Morsch (Berlin) <br /> <br /> Moderation: Gloria Meynen (Friedrichshafen) <br /> <br /><i>Panel 7.4 | Spielend wissen in </i><i>C 14.027</i><br /> <br /> Robot Challenges. Zur Performanz künstlicher Intelligenz von Ulf Otto (Hildesheim) <br /> <br /> Welt spielen. Sim Earth als Grenzfall zwischen Spiel und wissenschaftlicher Simulation von Niklas Schrape (Lüneburg) <br /> <br /> Spielprototypen als Form spielanalytischer Wissensproduktion von Stefan Werning (Bayreuth) <br /> <br /> Potentiality and Actuality of Computer-based Simulation Environments von Sabine Thürmel (München)<br /> <br /> Moderation: Jan Müggenburg (Lüneburg) <br /> <i><i> </i></i><br /> <br /> <i><i>Panel</i> 7.5 | Medienwissenschaft ohne Gedächtnis? Hindernisse und Lösungswege beim Zugang zum audiovisuellen Medienerbe in </i><i>C 14.001</i> <br /> <br /> Sind Rundfunkarchive immer noch Geheimarchive? Oder bewegen Sie sich doch? <br /> von Michael Crone (Darmstadt) <br /> <br /> Vom Geheimschatz zum Allgemeingut? Strategien der audiovisuellen Medienerbe-Verwaltung im internationalen Vergleich <br /> von Leif Kramp (Bremen) <br /> <br /> Das Recht als Schranke. Juristische Perspektiven beim Umgang mit dem audiovisuellen Medienerbe in Deutschland <br /> von Paul Klimpel (Berlin) <br /><br />Digitale Archive der »zweiten Öffentlichkeit«. Forschungsmethoden und »participatory research« von Katalin Cseh (Wien) <br /> <br /> Moderation: Christoph Classen (Potsdam) <br /> <br /> <i>AG-Treffen 7.6 | Treffen in </i><i>C 12.001 </i><br /> <i> </i> 9:30 Uhr–10:30 Uhr: AG »Populärkultur und Medien« <br />10:30 Uhr–11:30 Uhr: AG »Animation«</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; "><i>AG-Treffen 7.7 | Medienwissenschaft und Wissenschaftsforschung in </i><i>C 12.006</i> <br /><br />Kaffeepause | Samstag, 05. Oktober 2013, 11:30 Uhr–12:00 Uhr im Hörsaalgang<br /> <br /> <b>Session 8 | Samstag, 05. Oktober 2013, 12:00 Uhr–13:30 Uhr</b> <br /><i>Panel 8.1 |</i> <i>Eingeräumt: Darstellen in 3-D</i><i> in </i><i>C HS 3</i><br /> <br />Das Bild des Raumorgans. Zur historischen Epistemologie der Dreidimensionalität von Stephan Günzel (Berlin) <br /> <br /> Dreidimensionale Bilder als Medien der Teilchenphysik von Jens Schröter (Siegen) <br /> <br /> Vom Raum im Raum. Mutmassungen über die Anfänge menschlicher Raumbildungen im Tanz von Walter Siegfried (München)<br /> <br /> Moderation: Inge Hinterwaldner (Lüneburg | Basel) <br /> <br /><i>Panel 8.2 | The Revolution Will Not Be Televised in </i><i>C HS 4</i> <br />Netzkritik revisited! Eine Diskursgeschichte der Medienwissenschaft von Clemens Apprich (Lüneburg) <br /> <br /> Die Aporie des Neuen. Medienwissenschaftliche Deutungsmuster des Internets von Linda Groß (Hamburg) | Lisa Wiedemann (Hamburg) <br /> <br /> Moderation: Andreas Broeckmann (Lüneburg) <br /> <i><i> </i></i><br /> <i><i>Panel</i> 8.3 | Licht – Glas – Kälte. Zum Tempus »wohltemperierter« Bilder der Wissenschaft in </i><i>C HS 5</i><br /> <i> </i> -273 °C – Eine Reise in die Tiefe der Temperaturskala. Die Exploration der Kälte im populären Wissenschaftsfilm von Claudia Pinkas–Thompson (Karlsruhe) <br /> <br /> Gläserne Gebilde. Zur Transparenz der Medien und Symbolik des Wissensdurstes von Szilvia Gellai (Karlsruhe) <br /> <br /> Spiegelplaneten und kosmische Archive. Eine medienarchäologische Perspektive auf die Popularisierung astronomischen Wissens im 19. Jahrhundert von Dominik Schrey (Karlsruhe) <br /> <br /> Moderation: Andreas Böhn (Karlsruhe) <br /> <i><i> </i></i><br /> <i><i>Panel</i> 8.4 | Populäre Wissenschaftskulissen. Wissen(schafts)formate in populären Medienkulturen in </i><i>C 14.027</i> <br /> Wissen(schaft) für die Masse. Die »Urania-gesellschaft« und die Popularisierung wissenschaftlicher Erkenntnisse im 19. Jahrhundert von Thomas Wilke (Halle) <br /> <br /> Philosophie im/des Fernsehens. Metamorphosen philosophischen Wissens in den Fernsehformaten »Das philosophische Quartett« und »Precht« von Marcus S. Kleiner (Siegen) <br /> <br /> Folksonomies. Wissensaggregate im Social Web von Ramón Reichert (Wien) <br /> <br /> Moderation: Holger Schulze (Berlin) <br /> <br /><i> </i><i>Filmvorführung 8.5 | </i><i>»Odyssee und Nahverkehr« (2012) in </i><i>C 14.006</i> <br /> <br />Ein Film von Martin Schlesinger (Bochum) und Marius Boettcher (Weimar) <br /> <br /><i>AG-Treffen 8.6 | Fernsehgeschichte und Television Studies in </i><i>C 12.001</i> <br /><br /><i> </i><i>Kommissionstreffen 8.7 | Lehre in </i><i>C 12.006</i><br /> <br /> <i>Kommissionstreffen 8.8 | Medien/Recht in </i><i>C 12.006</i><br /> <i> </i><br /> Mittagessen | Samstag, 05. Oktober 2013, 13:30 Uhr–14:30 Uhr in der Mensa<br /> <br /> <b>Mitgliederversammlung | Samstag, 05. Oktober 2013, 14:30 Uhr–16:30 Uhr in HS 3</b> <br /> Verleihung des Best Publication Award der AG Gender Studies und Medienwissenschaft <br /> Verleihung des Karsten-Witte-Preis der AG Film <br />anschließend Mitgliederversammlung der GfM</p>
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For more details visit <a href='http://editors.cis-india.org/news/gfm-2013'>http://editors.cis-india.org/news/gfm-2013</a>
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No publisherpraskrishnaOpennessOpen Access2013-10-06T07:58:06ZNews ItemOpen Access: An Opportunity for Scientists around the Globe
http://editors.cis-india.org/openness/blog-old/euroscience-september-25-2013-subbiah-arunachalam-open-access-an-opportunity-for-scientists-around-the-globe
<b>Researchers face two problems related to information access: making their own research more visible to researchers elsewhere and making worldwide research readily available to them. Open access (OA) can solve both of them. </b>
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<div id="stcpDiv" style="text-align: justify; ">
<p>This article by Prof. Subbiah Arunachalam was <a class="external-link" href="http://euroscientist.com/2013/09/open-access-an-opportunity-for-scientists-around-the-globe/">published in Euro Scientist on September 25, 2013</a>.</p>
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<p>Open access is particularly important in developing countries, where the research and higher education budgets are nowhere near those in advanced countries. For example, libraries in most universities in sub-Saharan Africa subscribe at best to only a few journals, and are thus forced to do research literally in a literature vacuum.</p>
<p>Elsewhere like in India, some institutions such as the <a href="http://www.iisc.ernet.in/" target="_blank">Indian Institute of Science</a>, Bangalore, subscribe to a few thousand journals. But many of them go unused. Thus this approach results in non-productive investment of scarce resources. In addition, when developing country scientists publish their work in expensive journals, then all too often it goes unnoticed by other researchers in their own country.</p>
<p>To make OA more widespread, there are two possible routes: OA journals and OA archives. OA journals and archives help to integrate the work of scientists everywhere into the global knowledge base, reduce the isolation of researchers, and improve opportunities for funding and international collaboration. OA, if adopted widely, can raise the profile of an entire nation’s research output.</p>
<h3><b>OA journals</b></h3>
<p>For now, there are already many successful OA journals initiatives in the developing world. <a href="http://www.bioline.org.br/" target="_blank">Bioline International</a> , for example, hosts electronic OA versions of more than 35 peer reviewed bioscience journals from 17 developing countries. It is backed, among others, by the <a href="http://www.epublishingtrust.org/" target="_blank">Electronic Publishing Trust for Development</a> (EPT), established in 1996. EPT promotes open access to the world’s scholarly literature, and provides an annual award for the best contribution to the advancement of OA in the developing world.</p>
<p>Other worldwide OA initiatives include the African Journals Online (<a href="http://www.ajol.info/" target="_blank">AJOL</a>), which provides free online access to 462 African journals. Latin American initiatives– some of which have overlapping content—include <a href="http://www.scielo.br/" target="_blank">SciELO </a>with 1,013 Iberoamerican OA journals, <span><a href="http://www.redalyc.org/" target="_blank">RedALyC </a></span>,<b><i> </i></b><i>which</i> supports 809 OA journals and <a href="http://www.latindex.unam.mx/" target="_blank">Latindex</a>, with more than 4,600 OA journals. In parallel, India alone publishes more than 400 OA journals. For example, the ten journals of the <a href="http://www.ias.ac.in/" target="_blank">Indian Academy of Sciences</a> and the 17 journals published by the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research are OA. <b> </b></p>
<p>With the emergence of OA, many new commercial publishers have sprouted recently. They are publishing OA journals largely to earn through Article Processing Charges (APC). So much so India is considered a leader in publishing predatory OA journals.</p>
<p>Not all commercial publishers are predatory, though. For example,<a href="http://www.medknow.com/" target="_blank">Medknow Publications</a>, a commercial publishing company founded by a paediatrician based in Mumbai, has helped more than 100 OA medical journals make the transition from print to electronic open access. In doing so, they realised that most of them are now doing much better than before in terms of readership, print subscription, quality of editing and production, and as a result a major multinational STM publishing company acquired the company from the founder a few years ago.</p>
<h3><b>OA archives</b></h3>
<p>The trouble is that a lot remains to be done in extending open access. Indeed, there are about a hundred functioning academic papers repositories in India. However, only two of them are backed by a mandate. The Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR), for example, recently came up with an <a href="http://aims.fao.org/community/open-access/blogs/icar-adopts-open-access-policy" target="_blank">OA mandate</a> for research performed in its own research institutions and for research it funds, but its implementation may take a while. The Indian Academy of Sciences, Bangalore, has a <a href="http://repository.ias.ac.in/" target="_blank">repository</a> for all papers by all its Fellows, both living and deceased. This is the only science academy in the world to have such a repository. The Academy was also the first in India to adopt OA for its journals. For instance, its physics journal, <a href="http://www.ias.ac.in/pramana/">Pramana</a>, became OA as far back as 1998.</p>
<p>To extend open access further, the archives route appears to be particularly appealing in developing countries. Setting up institutional archives does not cost much. The software needed is absolutely free and the technological infrastructure, such as the server and the internet connectivity, is already available in most institutions.</p>
<p>About a decade ago, I thought that the scarcity of computers and high bandwidth access in many developing countries would put them at a disadvantage. But now prices are falling and the situation has improved. Thus, OA archiving is even more promising than OA journals. It is less expensive, allows faster turnaround, and is compatible with publishing in conventional journals.</p>
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For more details visit <a href='http://editors.cis-india.org/openness/blog-old/euroscience-september-25-2013-subbiah-arunachalam-open-access-an-opportunity-for-scientists-around-the-globe'>http://editors.cis-india.org/openness/blog-old/euroscience-september-25-2013-subbiah-arunachalam-open-access-an-opportunity-for-scientists-around-the-globe</a>
</p>
No publishersubbiahOpennessOpen AccessAccess to Knowledge2013-09-26T06:00:48ZBlog EntryOpen Access Dialogues - Report and Policy Recommendations
http://editors.cis-india.org/openness/open-access-dialogues-report
<b>The Open Access Dialogues were a series of global electronic debates facilitated by Eve Gray and Kelsey Wiens, in partnership with The African Commons Project (South Africa) and the Centre for Internet and Society (India), during November 2012 to March 2013. It was supported by the Institute of Development Studies, Sussex, and was hosted at WSIS Knowledge Communities Discussion Forum.</b>
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<h3>Report: <a href="https://www.ids.ac.uk/files/dmfile/OpenAccessDialoguesReport.pdf" target="_blank">Download</a> (PDF)</h3>
<h3>Policy Recommendations (as below): <a href="https://www.ids.ac.uk/files/dmfile/Is_OpenAccess_only_for_rich_countries.pdf" target="_blank">Download</a> (PDF)</h3>
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<h2>Is Open Access Only for Rich Countries?</h2>
<p><em>Authors: Eve Gray, Sumandro Chattapadhyay, Kelsey Wiens and Alistair Scott</em></p>
<p>It is not unusual for analysis of research systems in the developing world to provide startlingly low figures for the participation of developing countries in world research. For example, the Times of India last October cited a report that claimed that India produced only 3.5% of the world’s research – a shocking statistic, the newspaper commented. The commonly accepted figure for Africa’s contribution is even worse, at 0.3%. In reality, these figures do not reflect at all the size and shape of the national research systems in these count ries nor their productivity. Rather, they are a measure of how many journal articles are published in journals in the global North and particularly in journals in the Thomson Reuters ISI indices.</p>
<p>The developing world has been badly served by the scholarly publishing system inherited from the 20th century. The commercialization and consolidation of scholarly publishing over the last 60 years has progressively put the publication of the bulk of the world’s research in the hands of a small number of giant co rporations, in an environment characterized by very high and continuously escalating subscription charges, putting access to the world’s research out of the reach of most developing countries. If Harvard complains, as it did recently, that it cannot afford the subscriptions to the major journals, then what could be said for universities in Africa or India?</p>
<p>To add to this, the impact of the dominant systems for measuring the quality and impact of global research have a perverse effect in the developing world, consigning its research to the periphery and categorizing it as of ‘local’ interest rather than being ‘global’, or ‘international’ in its importance.</p>
<h3>Global Open Access Policy</h3>
<p>Global Open access policy moved forward decisively from late 2011 to early 2013, with UNESCO’s launch of its Open Access to Scientific Information Programme <strong>[1]</strong> and the World Bank’s launch of its Open Knowledge Platform <strong>[2]</strong>. At national and regional levels, the Finch Group Report in the United Kingdom <strong>[3]</strong>, the White House Memorandum on Access to Federally Funded Research <strong>[4]</strong> in the US A and the announcement of the open access provisions of the Horizon 2020 Framework for Research and Innovation <strong>[5]</strong> in the European Union all marked a global move to entrench open access to publicly funded research. These policies commit political weight and financial support to policy implementation, based on an understanding of the contribution that OA can make to innovation and thus to social and economic development across the world. In the face of these developments, the developing countries, which currently tend to have fragmented OA and research communication policies, face the risk of falling even further behind in finding their place in global and locally relevant research production.</p>
<p>What these events have added to the policy debate about open access over the last year is not only the recognition of the need for government - level logistical and financial support for open research communication, but also a widening of the mandate for open access. Early formulations of open access policy focused on opening up ‘the peer reviewed journal literature’, as the founding document on Open Access, the Budapest Open Access initiative, defined it in 2002 <strong>[6]</strong>. The principle was that these publications should be freely available to readers, to read, to download and data-mine.. It is this approach that largely informs the UNESCO’s Policy Guidelines for the Development and Promotion of Open Access (2012) <strong>[7]</strong>. The World Bank policy, on the other hand, takes a broader view of open access, applying a Creative Commons CC-BY licence to the work that it commissions, thus allowing for reuse and repurposing of content in order to reach the widest possible audience and have the maximum development impact <strong>[8]</strong>.</p>
<h3>Open Access Dialogues</h3>
<p>A number of policy issues emerged from the Open Access Dialogues (OAD), facilitated by Eve Gray, The African Commons Project and the Centre for Internet and Society, Bangalore, India, in late 2012 and early 2013 with participants from South Africa, India and Latin America. The overriding policy outcome was an expressed desire to expand the concept of open access to include other kinds of openness, such as open education and open development and to expand beyond journal articles in leveraging the benefits of openness in developing countries, as well as involving outside - university knowledge producers and distributors in the OA agenda. O ver - reliance on the ISI Impact Factor was also a key aspect of the present OA system that came in for criticism , leading to demands for the formulation of research reward systems that are better aligned with national and institutional research strategies and development of alternative metrics for evaluating research success.</p>
<p>The discuss ion took place on the UNESCO/WSIS Knowledge Communities discussion forum, where a total of 19 discussants, excluding the core team, took part. Additionally, the OAD Facebook page was ‘liked’ by 116 people (as of 1 March 2013), with the most common age grou p being 25 - 34 and the gender bias being towards female users at 60%. Two (one hour - long) Twitter discussions were also organised, which attracted 83 unique users in total, who shared 530 tweets using the #developOA hashtag.</p>
<h3>Strategic Issues and Policy Recommendations</h3>
<h4>Beyond the Impact Factor</h4>
<p>The ISI Impact Factor (IF) remains the dominant measure for research evaluation and determining academic rewards and promotions in the Anglophone world and beyond. The discussants identified the extreme preference for publication in ('closed') journals with high Impact Factors (IF) as a central obstacle to effective research communication aligned with national and regional goals. Of particular concern was the role this system has had in aligning developing country research activities with academic interests in the universities of the global North, and thus di verting developed country research away from local challenges and opportunities. This model also renders invisible much of the research that is actually produced that addresses local/national/regional concerns. Another concern was bibliographic malpractices including bias against citing works from developing country scholars and work published in non - 'prestigious' journals. Strong argument s were made for the use of article-level metrics as opposed to journal - level impact measurement . Studies were suggested to argue that article-level impact increases with OA journals.</p>
<p><strong>Policy recommendations:</strong></p>
<ul><li>Replacing reliance on bibliometric s and journal-level citation indexes with article-level metrics and emerging alternative metrics that take into consideration the circulation and usage of knowledge beyond higher education institutes.</li>
<li>Developing education policies and guidelines to evaluate res earch and researchers in their specific contexts of relevance and impact, and aligning academic rewards with national, regional and local development strategies.</li></ul>
<h4>Uneven Geographies and the Need for Sustainable Models</h4>
<p>Attention was drawn to the unfortunate lack of awareness about the nature and potential of OA across developing countries, even in scholarly communities. Simultaneously, the discussants highlighted several success stories of OA journals in developing countries, though mostly from science disciplines. Thus the developing world experiences an uneven geography of OA awareness and adoption, where the OA agenda is being pursued successfully by specific scholarly communities but not translating into widespread support across the higher academia landscape nor into coherent national policy development.</p>
<p>The role played by the global commercial businesses of scholarly works in impeding the Open Access agenda in developing countries was mentioned by most of the commentators. Simultaneously, the complicity of developing country academics in reinforcing the culture of 'prestigious' journals published by global publishers was also criticized. The increasing embracing of Author Processing Charges (APC), the discussants feared, will further entrench this uneven geography of OA adoption and research visibility. This issue is crucial since it is generating a sense of cynicism about OA as yet another incarnation of commercial exploitation of scholarship that advantages the rich countries. The use of fee waivers was criticised for being only an exceptional measure that serves to reinforce exclusion of researchers outside of or new to the dominant scholarly publishing system. There is a need, it was argued, to develop a sustainable business model that is functional in making knowledge circulate in ways that are useful to society, and not solely driven by profit-making needs of publishers.</p>
<p><strong>Policy recommendations:</strong></p>
<ul><li>Promoting a bottom-up strategy for OA adoption in the developing world by focusing on capacity and community building exercises. This could involve scholarly colleagues and advocates gathered around thematic and/or disciplinary forums, facilitated by institutional and governmental recognition and support.</li>
<li>Linking the issue of OA to academic works to the structural problems in developing country academics, adopting a wide-ranging and systematic approach to research capacitation. There is a need to promote OA through curriculum development, knowledge dissemination, training and advocacy, engaging actors ranging from senior administrators to young scholars.</li>
<li>Addressing and involving non-university circuits of learning, of both institutional (primary and secondary education) and non-institutional (informal learning groups around MOOC courses) varieties, and also non-governmental organisations working o n education in particular, and development in general.</li></ul>
<h4>A Broader Vision for Open Access</h4>
<p>A number of discussants argued for a broader mandate for OA than the traditional journal focus. There were two aspects to this recommendation: firstly, OA should align with other forms of ‘open’ agendas , such as open science, open education and open development, and secondly, OA policies should support distribution and re - usage of a wider range of research outputs. Thus the scope of OA needs to be broadened to focus on the needs of potential consumers of research findings rather than only on the scholar-to-scholar discourse that journals constitute. This wider agenda could include research data, multimedia, 'grey literature ’ such as research and briefing papers, and policy papers. In the context of developing countries, it was argued that 'translations' of research for communities outside academia were important, especially ' recognizing the importance of publishing in a format that most appropriately meets the information and knowledge needs of those who can use the research to improve society's development', as a leading public health academic argued in the OA dialogue.</p>
<p>This broader vision of OA challenges the conventional hierarchy of basic research over applied research, proposing that OA can provide a communicative continuum between scholar - to - scholar discourse, teaching and learning needs, and the mobilization of research for development.</p>
<p><strong>Policy recommendations:</strong></p>
<ul><li>Build on the present governmental acceptance of the OA agenda by strategically using it as an entry point to promote the broader 'open' agenda, including open sharing of research data, bibliographic data, policy papers etc.</li>
<li>Recognize, support and reward OA initiatives and systems that facilitate sharing of a wide range of academic outputs, from journals, books and other scholarly publications to development - focused research outputs targeted at communities outside of higher academia.</li>
<li>Financial and logistical support for the creation and maintenance of websites, repositories, archives and other (offline/outreach) initiatives aimed at hosting and sharing a wide-range of academic outputs, including data and multimedia, and mandating licences that allow for re-use of scholarly materials ( such as CC-BY), for development and educational needs.</li>
<li>A comprehensive (national and international) institutional policy approach, ensuring a central role for research communication in universities and research institutes and for integrated administrative, technology and skills infrastructure to support these roles.</li></ul>
<h3>Notes</h3>
<p><strong>[1]</strong> See: http://www.unesco.org/new/en/communication-and-information/access-to-knowledge/open-access-to-scientific-information/</p>
<p><strong>[2]</strong> See: https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/</p>
<p><strong>[3]</strong> The Finch Report: http://www.res earchinfonet.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/Finch-Group-report-executive-summary-FINAL-VERSION.pdf</p>
<p><strong>[4]</strong> The White House Open Access Memorandum: https://petitions.whitehouse.gov/response/increasing-public-access-results-scientific-research</p>
<p><strong>[5]</strong> http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_IP-12-790_en.htm</p>
<p><strong>[6]</strong> http://www.opensocietyfoundations.org/openaccess/read</p>
<p><strong>[7]</strong> http://www.unesco.org/new/en/communication-and-information/resources/publications-and-communication-materials/publications/full-list/policy-guidelines-for-the-development-and-promotion-of-open-access/</p>
<p><strong>[8]</strong> http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/NEWS/0,,contentMDK:23164491~pagePK:64257043~piPK:437376~theSitePK:4607,00.html</p>
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For more details visit <a href='http://editors.cis-india.org/openness/open-access-dialogues-report'>http://editors.cis-india.org/openness/open-access-dialogues-report</a>
</p>
No publishersumandroOpennessOpen Access DialoguesOpen Access2015-12-22T06:52:58ZBlog EntryWikipedia Introductory Session organized for Data and India portal consultants
http://editors.cis-india.org/openness/blog-old/wikipedia-introductory-session
<b>On May 13, 2013, the Access to Knowledge team led by Subhashish Panigrahi conducted a Wikipedia Introductory Session at the National Informatics Centre in New Delhi for the consultants working for Data and India portal. This session was aimed to emphasize how these portals and their useful data could be used on Wikipedia to create good quality articles.</b>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">Recently <a href="http://editors.cis-india.org/" class="external-link">Centre for Internet and Society</a>'s <a class="external-link" href="http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/India_Access_To_Knowledge">Access To Knowledge</a> team was invited to demonstrate the usefulness of Wikipedia for the consultants of <a class="external-link" href="http://www.nic.in/">National Informatics Centre</a> (NIC) working for the <a class="external-link" href="http://data.gov.in/">Data.gov.in</a> and the <a class="external-link" href="http://india.gov.in/">National Portal of India</a> at NIC's New Delhi office. Data portal being one of the very important open data portal of the Government of India has worked immensely to populate over 2400 datasets from 32 departments participating in it.<a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="#sdfootnote1sym" name="sdfootnote1anc"><sup>1</sup></a></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">Many of the data need to be transcribed in popular medias especially on web. Wikipedia being world's largest online encyclopedia could be one such primary platform to use these useful data. <a class="external-link" href="http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Psubhashish">Subhashish</a> from A2K team explained the usefulness of Wikipedia for the people associated with this project. The session went with discussing about <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_policies">policies</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style">Manual of style</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Five_pillars">Five pillars of Wikipedia</a> followed by a demonstration of editing articles on English Wikipedia. Post editing session there was a discussion session about the notability and how to check accuracy of articles by using valid references.</p>
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<p class="sdfootnote"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="#sdfootnote1anc" name="sdfootnote1sym">1</a> <a class="external-link" href="http://bit.ly/11DMH5w">http://bit.ly/11DMH5w</a></p>
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For more details visit <a href='http://editors.cis-india.org/openness/blog-old/wikipedia-introductory-session'>http://editors.cis-india.org/openness/blog-old/wikipedia-introductory-session</a>
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No publishersubhaOpen StandardsDigital GovernanceDigital AccessOpen DataOpen ContentOpen AccessOpennessOpen Innovation2013-07-17T06:33:20ZBlog Entry