Centre for Internet and Society

IGF

praskrishna — 2016-08-02T13:17:41Z

IGF

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IGF

praskrishna — 2016-08-02T13:15:05Z

IGF

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If you thought India is a country where freedom of speech and expression are fundamental rights, think twice!

praskrishna — 2015-04-04T15:52:42Z

Having contributed significantly in growing pollution and corruption indices, there's one place where India seems to hold the top spot is: imposing restrictions on social media contents. There have been over 5,800 restriction requests recorded in the second half of 2014, as per Facebook's Government Requests Report.

The article was published in Business Insider on March 17, 2015. Pranesh Prakash was quoted.

Economic Times has reported that data and content restrictions across the globe are on the rise and India seems to have topped the list. The content restrictions from India have been constantly on the rise—it rose to 5,832 from 4,960 in the first half.

Things are not any different across the globe. "The amount of content restricted for violating local law increased by 11% over the previous half, to 9,707 pieces of content restricted, up from 8,774," said Monika Bickert, Facebook's head of global policy management, and Chris Sonderby, deputy general counsel, in a statement on the social networking website.

Other countries from where Facebook has observed an increased number of content restrictions requests are Turkey and Russia. Surprisingly, FET reported that the number of content restriction requests from Pakistan came down to 54 in the second half of 2014 from 1,773 in the first half.

It is worth noting that India is the second largest market for Facebook, with 112 million users until last year, second only to the United States. While these figures are alarming, counsel for the Software Freedom Law Centre told ET , "...it would have been better if Facebook had also given us more information on the kind of data that was being asked for. Now we only have consolidated figures. So what kind of data was asked for, that would have been more useful."

Pranesh Prakash, policy director at the Centre for Internet and Society, on the other hand, feels that the number of content restriction requests is not only high on an absolute number, but even on a per-user basis.

For more details visit http://editors.cis-india.org/internet-governance/news/business-insider-march-17-2015-if-you-thought-india-is-a-country-where-freedom-of-speech-and-expression-are-fundamental-rights-think-twice

If MNCs make early inroads, they will keep market share: Sunil Abraham, CIS

praskrishna — 2014-10-24T15:03:03Z

The article by J. Anand was published in the Financial Express on October 23, 2014. Sunil Abraham gave his inputs.

The recent visits of the high-profile CEOs of internet/technology companies have made it clear that India, with its 200-million internet users, is increasingly becoming important for the multinational corporations (MNCs). Bangalore-based Centre for Internet and Society (CIS) is a bit skeptical and feels some of these companies are trying to influence the internet policy-making of the country. Sunil Abraham, executive director of CIS, talks to FE’s Anand J regarding the government’s use of social media, the regulations and the plan for a Digital India. Edited excerpts:

We see a heightened interest in India from technology/internet companies, with their top CEOs visiting the country. What do you think is the reason?

In India, with little domestic competition, if these companies make early inroads, they will be able to keep the market share. The other reason is, the Indian government has made several proposals such as data localisation, mandatory data routing and so on, which have been demonised by the West as something that will balkanise the internet. Because India represents a big market, companies might be indulging in some amount of tokenism in the form of data centres. This is to show the government that they are willing to listen and lead the conversation to an agenda item that they are comfortable with and block some of the more dramatic proposals. The third reason could be that internet penetration might grow dramatically in the country and if the policy levers are moved appropriately, it will grow even more.

What is your stand on the government proposals?

In some ways, I agree with MNCs that some of the government proposals could break the architecture of internet. But then there are other proposals that are completely kosher. The domestic routing of an email if it travels within India is good as it will be difficult for the NSA to intercept then. From an internet design perspective, more fibre is good.

Data localisation though will result in balkanisation and might not yield desirable results. For instance, if you are watching a YouTube video, all the information about the user is stored by Google and all of that is stored outside the country. They might store some of this information as cache in a Google server temporarily. From a surveillance perspective, this user data called metadata is what the NSA might want. Even when it is collected in a local server, it might still be sent upstream.

What about the Indian government doing surveillance then?

There are different views on the surveillance capabilities of the Indian government. Some think that today the Indian government has the capability of engaging in mass surveillance. Others like me think that it can only do targeted surveillance and not mass surveillance. It does not have the infrastructure to pull that off and if it is doing targeted surveillance, it is mostly in compliance with the local laws.

Is the increasing use of social media by the government for its communication with citizens a concern?

If the government uses this private infrastructure to communicate with its citizens, there could be a variety of challenges and complications. First, all of these government communications must be mirrored on the government infrastructure as well. Otherwise, there is a concern around data retention. The government needs to have a copy in case a person goes to RTI for all the government communications to citizens. Secondly, the government is unwittingly becoming the salesperson for these global corporations.

Mark Zuckerberg has said that internet is a human right. Do you agree?

Internet is not a human right according to the UN. TV and Radio were never rights. All the basic human rights are to be protected irrespective of the communication medium of choice and will be legitimate even 100 years from now. The success of telecommunication and internet is market generated. If it becomes a human right, the companies are not delivering a service, but a human right and this complicates the issue. There will be new demands from citizens and litigations by citizens. If everybody demands 1GB every month, state does not have those resources.

India is a phone internet market. Indian internet is tied to Google now. Does the Android dominance — with a market share of around 90% — concern you?

It is hugely worrisome and yet another monopoly. It is not “free” software. From a privacy and national security perspective, it is a terrible development. Considering that it is based on Linux, there should have been several national and international competitors.

Has the era of hetergeneous internet with a million websites passed?

Internet is no longer decentralised; 80% of users’ time is now spent on a few products. And anywhere on internet, ad networks are tracking you. We ended up with the world’s biggest surveillance machine and surveillance is the business model of internet. It is very difficult to change this as we face the inertia of user behaviour.

What do you think of the government’s Digital India plan?

The government can use the billions from the Universal Service Obligation fund for broadband connectivity. The markets cannot handle back haul infrastructure and in most countries, some amount of state investment is necessary. Some of the open access details have to be worked out. The government seems to have a monopoly position in execution. We agree with the vision that every Indian should have a smartphone by 2019 and have a broadband connection too.

What are the regulations you want to see in place in India?

Internet users are currently overregulated with restrictions on what you can say. Let what is illegal offline be illegal online too. And government needs to think of enforceability.

The regulatory infrastructure for the government is limited. We want powerful companies to be regulated and follow global norms. The regulatory best practices are emerging from Europe in terms of competition, privacy, data protection, etc, and we need to follow them.

For more details visit http://editors.cis-india.org/internet-governance/news/financial-express-october-23-2014-j-anand-if-mncs-make-early-inroads-they-will-keep-market-share

If all goes well, Indian IT Act may enter 21st century

praskrishna — 2016-10-06T16:49:12Z

The government is aiming to refresh the main law governing information technology by giving it a revamp which it hopes will bring it in tune with the times and address criticisms about its weaknesses, a senior official said on condition of anonymity.

The article by Surabhi Agarwal was published in the Economic Times on October 6, 2016. Sunil Abraham was quoted.

The move is triggered by the realisation that the Information Technology Act passed in 2000 and last amended eight years ago may be wanting in many respects due to advances in technology and its ubiquitousness in nearly every aspect of life.

The government will take a first step by constituting a committee whose job will be to make suggestions to refresh the law. The magnitude of fraud, terrorism, bullying and stalking in cyber space has grown along with advances in technology and its adoption, and these are some of the areas where the law could do with an update.

The government's massive push on Digital India is also leading to significant digitisation of government services and records. In 2000, when the Act was first passed, there were a mere 5 million internet users in the country. India has surpassed the US to become the second-largest Internet market with 436 million users as of June 2016.

"It has been realised that we need more provisions on things such as mobile security, internet of things," the official said. "The last amendment came in 2008, so almost a decade has passed." This person said that there is confusion among various law enforcement agencies regarding the ambit of the IT Act.

Fresh provisions are also required in fields such as how long agencies – both state as well as private – should hold citizens' information, which has been shared by them, for any kind of authentication through means such as emails. Supreme Court advocate and cyber security expert Pavan Duggal called the IT Act an "outdated" piece of legislation.

"The Act and the amendments are in the pre-social media era. Current realities, challenges and the policy aspects of cyberspace have not been addressed," he said. There are no provisions, for instance, for mandatory reporting of cyber-crime and cyber-security breaches, he said. Besides, there are the challenges posed by the dark net where everything from weapons to drugs are being peddled.

"Cyber bullying is the number one problem in Indian schools and universities which is not addressed in the Act. There have been no convictions for cyber stalking which is extremely prevalent in India," Duggal said, suggesting measures such as the setting up of special courts for cyber crime and terror.

In the past couple of years, the government has come under fire for several attempts to bring in laws on encryption, contain pornography and the spread of obscene material online. The Internet and Mobile Association of India (IAMAI) said that while the move to change the Act is welcome, it should be done in an "inclusive" manner with the "widest possible public consultation" and not by a committee which consists only of government representatives.

Subho Ray, president of IAMAI said that while the definition of intermediaries needs to be reviewed and the list expanded, citizens' fundamental rights need to kept in mind while trying to bring back a modified form of Section 66A (it dealt with offences on the internet), which was struck down by the Supreme Court as unconstitutional.

The ministry of electronics and IT is currently trying to form a committee with experts from the private sector, the source said, and cautioned about the prospect of a "long-haul" before changes come about. Sunil Abraham, director of the Centre for Internet and Society (CIS) said that India's data protection laws under Section 43A of the IT Act must be upgraded and this would help Indian companies which export IT-enabled services.

"We also need to apply the principle of equivalence more clearly, which says that if something is illegal offline, it should also be illegal online," said Abraham.

For more details visit http://editors.cis-india.org/internet-governance/news/economic-times-surabhi-agarwal-october-6-2016-if-all-goes-well-indian-it-act-may-enter-twenty-first-century

IDRC - Open Development Book - Authors' Workshop

praskrishna — 2017-03-29T03:47:14Z

Sumandro Chattapadhyay participated in the authors' workshop organized by the International Development Research Centre (IDRC) and the Centre for Innovation in Learning and Teaching at the University of Cape Town in South Africa on March 11 and 12, 2017.

The workshop gathered the contributers to an upcoming book by IDRC on open development. This volume will continue, extend, and reflect back on the previously published "Open Development: Networked Innovations in International Development" (Edited by Matthew L. Smith and Katherine M. A. Reilly). Elonnai Hickok, Gus Hosein from Privacy International and Sumandro Chattapadhyay are writing a chapter for this book that is tentative titled as "Six Principles for Openness and Privacy in the Time of Data Revolution".

This chapter will bring together personal and institutional experiences from policy advocacy and grounded practice in open data and privacy across the “South” and the “West” to discuss a potential framing of these two concerns as not opposing but complimentary rights. We locate this discussion of openness and privacy within the context of the ongoing “data revolution”, and propose six principles towards engaging with present and future challenges in generation and management of, innovation with, and reliance on data as an economic and social resource.

For more details visit http://editors.cis-india.org/openness/news/idrc-open-development-book-authors-workshop

IDRC

praskrishna — 2011-12-14T05:19:02Z

For more details visit http://editors.cis-india.org/home-images/IDRC.jpg

IDEX Impact Assessment Workshop

praskrishna — 2013-11-14T05:48:51Z

The Centre for Internet and Society is hosting a workshop organised by IDEX at its office in Bangalore on Saturday, November 16, 2013 from 11.30 a.m. to 6.30 p.m.

The IDEX Impact Assessment Workshop will provide a comprehensive and interactive intro and overview of all facets of Impact Assessment, with a specific focus on the Social Enterprise sector. The workshop will be conducted by Andy Bhanot of WeStat (bio below) and will be divided into two portions:

11.30 - 14.30: Impact Assessment Crash Course (Intro to IA, Types of IA, Designing IA, etc)

15.30 - 18.30: Interactive Group Projects + Presentations (Applying IA to Specific Sectors / Projects)*

*The focus of this group work will be based upon projects that the IDEX fellows have been working on over the past few months, across various sectors (Water, Livelihoods, Youth, etc)

Andy Bhanot, MBA

Andy Bhanot is a communications and marketing research expert with extensive experience in both the private and development sectors. Mr. Bhanot's areas of expertise include market research analysis and strategy formulation, business development, and leadership and team management.

Mr. Bhanot is an expert in conducting knowledge, attitude, and practice surveys, formative research, pretesting studies, and monitoring and impact evaluation studies. These studies have ranged from HIV/AIDS prevention and care, condom promotion, maternal and child health and governance to gender empowerment, water and environmental sanitation, education, and disaster risk reduction.

He is well versed in both quantitative and qualitative research methods having directed large national surveys, telephonic interviews, rapid feedback studies, focus group discussions, in-depth and key informant interviews, observations, participatory rural appraisals, and ethnographic immersions with urban and rural audiences. Studies included many difficult-to-reach populations: commercial sex workers, men having sex with men, hijras/ transgenders, injecting drug users, truck drivers, migrant workers, gate keepers in the commercial sex trade, employers of bonded labourers, and people living with HIV/AIDS.

Mr. Bhanot has conducted numerous usage and attitude studies, brand health trackers, and concept and new product tests. He also has expertise in segmentation and positioning studies, advertising and media studies, customer satisfaction studies, and distribution studies for a wide range of clients (Pfizer, Colgate, Unilever, Coca-Cola, Barclays Bank, Shell, BAT, Wrigley's, Glaxo Smithkline, Cadburys, Nestle, Delmonte, East Africa Breweries, and Tetra Pac).

Mr. Bhanot has worked and travelled extensively across India, Bangladesh, Nepal, Afghanistan, Myanmar, Cambodia, Vietnam, Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania, Ethiopia, Eritrea, Djibouti, Somaliland, and South Africa. He has presented and published research papers, and has contributed marketing research case studies to books by prominent authors.

For more details visit http://editors.cis-india.org/internet-governance/events/idex-impact-assessment-workshop

Identity Cases

praskrishna — 2014-09-06T15:27:20Z

For more details visit http://editors.cis-india.org/internet-governance/blog/identity-cases.zip

Identity and Privacy

praskrishna — 2014-05-06T04:00:07Z

For more details visit http://editors.cis-india.org/internet-governance/blog/identity-and-privacy.zip

Identity and Databases

praskrishna — 2014-08-07T08:32:16Z

The Centre for Internet and Society (CIS) and the Say No to UID Campaign invite you to a discussion identity, databases and facilitating technologies that explores the use of personal identifiers across databases and the potential violations of privacy on August 9, 2014 (10.30 a.m. to 1.00 p.m.) at the CIS office in Bangalore.

The discussions will specifically focus on the UID and the NPR and seek to answer:

What information is being collected and databased by each scheme?
What type of technology is needed to collect and database this information?
How and where is this information being databased?
What are the potential risks to the databasing of this information?
Are there legal safeguards protecting against misuse of this information, and if not, what safeguards are needed?
Is there a difference between the state collecting, storing, and using this information and a private entity?

For more details visit http://editors.cis-india.org/events/identity-and-databases

Identities Research

praskrishna — 2017-04-12T13:54:53Z

Caribou Digital organized an identity research event in Bengaluru at TERI on April 6, 2017. A total of 16 participants attended the event. Sunil Abraham and Pranesh Prakash represented CIS at the event.

The Identities research project explores user experiences of identity technology, brought to you by Caribou Digital, Omidyar Network and the International Institute of Information Technology, Bangalore (IIITB). The need for user-centered research in “digital identity” arose out of concerns around top-down identity systems and lack of insights on how these are being understood and used, particularly amongst lower income populations. For more information on the event and viewing the episode videos click here.

For more details visit http://editors.cis-india.org/internet-governance/news/identities-research

ID programme faces first challenge over privacy, data

praskrishna — 2011-04-02T12:20:28Z

The government is looking to the ID programme to help ensure that various welfare programmes reach the poor

In the first significant challenge to the government’s ambitious programme to give more than one billion Indians a unique identification number, a group of NGOs (non-governmental organizations) are planning to take the government to court over a range of issues, including concerns over privacy and the safety of information.

About 100 NGOs, including Alternative Law Forum, Centre for Internet and Society, People’s Union for Civil Liberty and Slum Jagathu, have come together to oppose the implementation of the project in its current form, Mathew Thomas, general secretary of Citizens’ Action Forum, said in Bangalore on Wednesday.

The Unique Identification Authority of India (UIDAI) “is not a statutory body, not having been created by any Act or under any law, but by executive fiat”, he said. “It is set up as an appendage to the Planning Commission. It cannot be scrutinized either by Parliament or the Comptroller and Auditor General.”

In what had been expected to become a hurdle to the project, those against it are citing data protection and privacy, factors that led to the failure of a similar initiative in the UK.

“The government could not prevent recent cyber attacks by Chinese hackers on its own websites. What guarantee is there that a centralized database would be safe?” said Sunil Abraham, executive director of Centre for Internet and Society, one of the groups opposed to the ID programme, which has been named Aadhaar. “Also, data collected might be misused to discriminate against minorities and other vulnerable sections of society.”

R.S. Sharma, UIDAI director general, declined to comment in detail.

“Everything is transparent. Whatever we have been doing, we have been putting it on our website,” he said. “As to their specific complaints, I will not be able to respond over the telephone.”

The NGOs are also questioning the cost of the project and why no feasibility study was conducted. UIDAI is headed by Nandan Nilekani, co-founder and former chief executive of Infosys Technologies Ltd, India’s second largest software firm.

“First, the government has to respond how the chairman was chosen and appointed,” Thomas said. “Would the same person in his earlier organization authorize a project involving thousands of crores without a preliminary project report on feasibility? Public money is being spent without accountability.”

Nilekani wasn’t reachable for comment.

The government is looking to the ID programme to help ensure that various welfare programmes reach the poor. This objective would be difficult to achieve, the NGOs said.

“In a country with 48% illiteracy, a 12-digit card might prove to be a handicap instead of help,” they said in a release. “The project in its present form must be scrapped.”

The NGOs also said that projected savings from the stemming of leakages owing to the ID programme were not authenticated or backed by independent data. “It’s surprising that the project is being implemented with no discussion in Parliament nor consultation with other political parties,” they said.

Follow the original story in Livemint

For more details visit http://editors.cis-india.org/news/id-programe-faces-challenge

ICT workshop in Delhi

praskrishna — 2011-08-22T12:40:02Z

Agenda

For more details visit http://editors.cis-india.org/accessibility/publications/ed-ict

ICT Paper

praskrishna — 2016-07-30T10:46:47Z

For more details visit http://editors.cis-india.org/internet-governance/files/ict-paper.pdf