The Centre for Internet and Society
http://editors.cis-india.org
These are the search results for the query, showing results 31 to 45.
List of Recommendations on the Aadhaar Bill, 2016 - Letter Submitted to the Members of Parliament
http://editors.cis-india.org/internet-governance/blog/list-of-recommendations-on-the-aadhaar-bill-2016
<b>On Friday, March 11, the Lok Sabha passed the Aadhaar (Targeted Delivery of Financial and Other Subsidies, Benefits and Services) Bill, 2016. The Bill was introduced as a money bill and there was no public consultation to evaluate the provisions therein even though there are very serious ramifications for the Right to Privacy and the Right to Association and
Assembly. Based on these concerns, and numerous others, we submitted an initial list of recommendations to the Members of Parliaments to highlight the aspects of the Bill that require immediate attention.</b>
<p> </p>
<h4>Download the submission letter: <a href="https://github.com/cis-india/website/raw/master/docs/CIS_Aadhaar-Bill-2016_List-of-Recommendations_2016.03.16.pdf">PDF</a>.</h4>
<p> </p>
<h3>Text of the Submission</h3>
<p>On Friday, March 11, the Lok Sabha passed the Aadhaar (Targeted Delivery of Financial and Other Subsidies, Benefits and Services) Bill, 2016. The Bill was introduced as a money bill and there was no public consultation to evaluate the provisions therein even though there are very serious ramifications for the Right to Privacy and the Right to Association and Assembly. The Bill has made it compulsory for all Indian to enroll for Aadhaar in order to receive any subsidy, benefit, or service from the Government whose expenditure is incurred from the Consolidate Fund of India. Apart from the issue of centralisation of the national biometric database leading to a deep national vulnerability, the Bill also keeps unaddressed two serious concerns regarding the technological framework concerned:</p>
<ul><li><strong>Identification without Consent:</strong> Before the Aadhaar project it was not possible for the Indian government or any private entity to identify citizens (and all residents) without their consent. But biometrics allow for non-consensual and covert identification and authentication. The only way to fix this is to change the technology configuration and architecture of the project. The law cannot be used to correct the problems in the technological design of the project.<br /><br /></li>
<li><strong>Fallible Technology:</strong> The Biometrics Standards Committee of UIDAI has acknowledged the lack of data on how a biometric authentication technology will scale up where the population is about 1.2 billion. The technology has been tested and found feasible only for a population of 200 million. Further, a report by 4G Identity Solutions estimates that while in any population, approximately 5% of the people have unreadable fingerprints, in India it could lead to a failure to enroll up to 15% of the population. For the current Indian population of 1.2 billion the expected proportion of duplicates is 1/121, a ratio which is far too high. <strong>[1]</strong></li></ul>
<p>Based on these concerns, and numerous others, we sincerely request you to ensure that the Bill is rigorously discussed in Rajya Sabha, in public, and, if needed, also by a Parliamentary Standing Committee, before considering its approval and implementation. Towards this, we humbly submit an initial list of recommendations to highlight the aspects of the Bill that require immediate attention:</p>
<ol><li><strong>Implement the Recommendations of the Shah and Sinha Committees:</strong> The report by the Group of Experts on Privacy chaired by the Former Chief Justice A P Shah <strong>[2]</strong> and the report by the Parliamentary Standing Committee on Finance (2011-2012) chaired by Shri Yashwant Sinha <strong>[3]</strong> have suggested a rigorous and extensive range of recommendations on the Aadhaar / UIDAI / NIAI project and the National Identification Authority of India Bill, 2010 from which the majority sections of the Aadhaar Bill, 2016, are drawn. We request that these recommendations are seriously considered and incorporated into the Aadhaar Bill, 2016.<br /><br /></li>
<li><strong>Authentication using the Aadhaar number for receiving government subsidies, benefits, and services cannot be made mandatory:</strong> Section 7 of the Aadhaar Bill, 2016, states that authentication of the person using her/his Aadhaar number can be made mandatory for the purpose of disbursement of government subsidies, benefits, and services; and in case the person does not have an Aadhaar number, s/he will have to apply for Aadhaar enrolment. This sharply contradicts the claims made by UIDAI earlier that the Aadhaar number is “optional, and not mandatory”, and more importantly the directive given by the Supreme Court (via order dated August 11, 2015). The Bill must explicitly state that the Aadhaar number is only optional, and not mandatory, and a person without an Aadhaar number cannot be denied any democratic rights, and public subsidies, benefits, and services, and any private services.<br /><br /></li>
<li><strong>Vulnerabilities in the Enrolment Process:</strong> The Bill does not address already documented issues in the enrolment process. In the absence of an exhaustive list of information to be collected, some Registrars are permitted to collect extra and unnecessary information. Also, storage of data for elongated periods with Enrollment agencies creates security risks. These vulnerabilities need to be prevented through specific provisions. It should also be mandated for all entities including the Enrolment Agencies, Registrars, CIDR and the requesting entities to shift to secure system like PKI based cryptography to ensure secure method of data transfer.<br /><br /></li>
<li><strong>Precisely Define and Provide Legal Framework for Collection and Sharing of Biometric Data of Citizens:</strong> The Bill defines “biometric information” is defined to include within its scope “photograph, fingerprint, iris scan, or other such biological attributes of an individual.” This definition gives broad and sweeping discretionary power to the UIDAI / Central Government to increase the scope of the term. The definition should be exhaustive in its scope so that a legislative act is required to modify it in any way.<br /><br /></li>
<li><strong>Prohibit Central Storage of Biometrics Data:</strong> The presence of central storage of sensitive personal information of all residents in one place creates a grave security risk. Even with the most enhanced security measures in place, the quantum of damage in case of a breach is extremely high. Therefore, storage of biometrics must be allowed only on the smart cards that are issued to the residents.<br /><br /></li>
<li><strong>Chain of Trust Model and Audit Trail:</strong> As one of the objects of the legislation is to provide targeted services to beneficiaries and reduce corruption, there should be more accountability measures in place. A chain of trust model must be incorporated in the process of enrolment where individuals and organisations vouch for individuals so that when a ghost is introduced someone has can be held accountable blame is not placed simply on the technology. This is especially important in light of the questions already raised about the deduplication technology. Further, there should be a transparent audit trail made available that allows public access to use of Aadhaar for combating corruption in the supply chain.<br /><br /></li>
<li><strong>Rights of Residents:</strong> There should be specific provisions dealing with cases where an individual is not issued an Aadhaar number or denied access to benefits due to any other factor. Additionally, the Bill should make provisions for residents to access and correct information collected from them, to be notified of data breaches and legal access to information by the Government or its agencies, as matter of right. Further, along with the obligations in Section 8, it should also be mandatory for all requesting entities to notify the individuals of any changes in privacy policy, and providing a mechanism to opt-out.<br /><br /></li>
<li><strong>Establish Appropriate Oversight Mechanisms:</strong> Section 33 currently specifies a procedure for oversight by a committee, however, there are no substantive provisions laid down that shall act as the guiding principles for such oversight mechanisms. The provision should include data minimisation, and “necessity and proportionality” principles as guiding principles for any exceptions to Section 29.<br /><br /></li>
<li><strong>Establish Grievance Redressal and Review Mechanisms:</strong> Currently, there are no grievance redressal mechanism created under the Bill. The power to set up such a mechanism is delegated to the UIDAI under Section 23 (2) (s) of the Bill. However, making the entity administering a project, also responsible for providing for the frameworks to address the grievances arising from the project, severely compromises the independence of the grievance redressal body. An independent national grievance redressal body with state and district level bodies under it, should be set up. Further, the NIAI Bill, 2010, provided for establishing an Identity Review Committee to monitor the usage pattern of Aadhaar numbers. This has been removed in the Aadhaar Bill 2016, and must be restored.</li></ol>
<p> </p>
<h3>Endnotes</h3>
<p><strong>[1]</strong> See: <a href="http://cis-india.org/internet-governance/blog/Flaws_in_the_UIDAI_Process_0.pdf.">http://cis-india.org/internet-governance/blog/Flaws_in_the_UIDAI_Process_0.pdf</a>.</p>
<p><strong>[2]</strong> See: <a href="http://planningcommission.nic.in/reports/genrep/rep_privacy.pdf">http://planningcommission.nic.in/reports/genrep/rep_privacy.pdf</a>.</p>
<p><strong>[3]</strong> See: <a href="http://164.100.47.134/lsscommittee/Finance/15_Finance_42.pdf">http://164.100.47.134/lsscommittee/Finance/15_Finance_42.pdf</a>.</p>
<p>
For more details visit <a href='http://editors.cis-india.org/internet-governance/blog/list-of-recommendations-on-the-aadhaar-bill-2016'>http://editors.cis-india.org/internet-governance/blog/list-of-recommendations-on-the-aadhaar-bill-2016</a>
</p>
No publisherAmber Sinha, Sumandro Chattapadhyay, Sunil Abraham, and Vanya RakeshUIDBig DataPrivacyInternet GovernanceFeaturedDigital IndiaAadhaarBiometricsHomepage2016-03-21T08:50:09ZBlog EntryLeveraging Mobile Network Big Data for Development Policy: Opportunities & Challenges
http://editors.cis-india.org/internet-governance/news/leveraging-mobile-network-big-data-for-development-policy-opportunities-challenges
<b>Amber Sinha participated in this event held at IRDC, New Delhi on November 2, 2015. The event was organized by LIRNEasia.</b>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">As part of the International Development Research Centre (IDRC) distinguished lecture series, <a href="http://lirneasia.net/about/profiles/sriganesh-lokanathan/">Sriganesh Lokanathan</a>, Team Leader- Big Data Research at LIRNEasia gave a talk in Delhi (Ramalingaswami Conference Hall, International Development Research Centre, 208 Jor Bagh, New Delhi 110003) on Monday, 2nd November 2015. Sriganesh spoke on the topic of “Leveraging mobile network big data for developmental policy: opportunities & challenges.”</p>
<p dir="ltr"><b>Program</b>:</p>
<p dir="ltr"><span class="aBn"><span class="aQJ">11.00 a.m.</span></span>: Welcome and introductions: Dr. Anindya Chatterjee, Asia Regional Director, IDRC</p>
<p dir="ltr">11.05 a.m.: Talk by Mr Sriganesh Lokanathan, Team Leader, Big Data Research, LIRNEasia, Sri Lanka</p>
<p dir="ltr"><span class="aBn"><span class="aQJ">11.40 a.m.:</span></span> Discussions and Q & A</p>
<p dir="ltr"><span class="aBn"><span class="aQJ">12.15 p.m.:</span></span> Closing remarks: Phet Sayo, Senior Program Officer, IDRC</p>
<p dir="ltr">See the programme details published by <a class="external-link" href="http://lirneasia.net/2015/10/lirneasia-big-data-team-lead-to-talk-at-idrc-india/comment-page-1/">LIRNEasia</a>.</p>
<p>
For more details visit <a href='http://editors.cis-india.org/internet-governance/news/leveraging-mobile-network-big-data-for-development-policy-opportunities-challenges'>http://editors.cis-india.org/internet-governance/news/leveraging-mobile-network-big-data-for-development-policy-opportunities-challenges</a>
</p>
No publisherpraskrishnaInternet GovernanceBig Data2015-12-16T01:31:11ZNews ItemIs India's Digital Health System Foolproof?
http://editors.cis-india.org/raw/is-indias-digital-health-system-foolproof
<b>This contribution by Aayush Rathi builds on "Data Infrastructures and Inequities: Why Does Reproductive Health Surveillance in India Need Our Urgent Attention?" (by Aayush Rathi and Ambika Tandon, EPW Engage, Vol. 54, Issue No. 6, 09 Feb, 2019) and seeks to understand the role that state-run reproductive health portals such as the Mother and Child Tracking System (MCTS) and the Reproductive and Child Health will play going forward. The article critically outlines the overall digitised health information ecosystem being envisioned by the Indian state.</b>
<p> </p>
<h4>This article was first published in <a href="https://www.epw.in/engage/article/indias-digital-health-paradigm-foolproof" target="_blank">EPW Engage, Vol. 54, Issue No. 47</a>, on November 30, 2019</h4>
<hr />
<p>Introduced in 2013 and subsequently updated in 2016, the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (MHFW) published a document laying out the standards for electronic health records (EHRs). While there exist varying interpretations of what constitutes as EHRs, some of its characteristics include electronic medical records (EMRs) of individual patients, arrangement of these records in a time series, and inter-operable linkages of the EMRs across various healthcare settings (Häyrinen et al 2008; OECD 2013).</p>
<p>To work effectively, EHRs are required to be highly interoperable so that they can facilitate exchange among health information systems (HIS) across participating hospitals. For this, the Integrated Health Information Platform (IHIP) is being developed so as to assimilate data from various registries across India and provide real-time information on health surveillance (Krishnamurthy 2018).</p>
<h3><strong>EHR Implementation: Unpacking the (Dis)incentive Structure</strong></h3>
<p>As the implementation of EHR standards is voluntary, anecdotal evidence indicates that their uptake in the Indian healthcare sector has been very slow. Here, the opposition of the Indian Medical Association to the Clinical Establishments (Registration and Regulation) Act, 2010, resulting in nationwide protests and subsequent legal challenges to the act, is instructive. To start with, the act prescribes the minimum standards that have to be maintained by clinical establishments which are registered or seeking registration (itself mandatory to run a clinic under the act) <strong>[1]</strong>. Further, Rule 9(ii) of the Clinical Establishments (Registration and Regulation) Rules, 2012, drafted under the act, requires clinical establishments to maintain EMRs or EHRs for every patient. However, with health being a state subject in India, the act has only been enforced in 11 states and all union territories except the National Capital Territory of Delhi (Jyoti 2018). The resistance to the act is largely due to protests by stakeholders from within the medical fraternity regarding its adverse impact on small- and medium-sized hospitals (Jyoti 2018).</p>
<h3><strong>Contextualising Clinicians' Inertia</strong></h3>
<p>Another major impediment to the adoption of EHRs by health service providers is reluctance on the part of individual physicians to transition to an EHR system. This is because compliance with EHR standards requires physicians to input clinical notes themselves.</p>
<p>Comparing the greater patient load faced by doctors in India vis-à-vis the United States (US), the chief medical officer of an EHR vendor in India estimates that the average Indian doctor sees about 40–60 patients a day, whereas in the US it may be around 18–20 patients (Kandhari 2017). This is suggestive of the wide disparity in the number of physicians per 1,000 citizens in both countries (World Bank nd). Given this, doctors in India tend to be more problem-oriented, time-strapped, and pay less attention to clinical notes (Kandhari 2017). Thus, clinicians will consider a system to be efficient only if the system reduces their documentation time, even if the time savings do not translate into better patient care (Allan and Englebright 2000). The inability of EHRs to help reduce documentation time deters clinicians from supporting their implementation (Poon et al 2004). Additionally, research done in the United States indicates that there is no evidence to suggest that an information system helps save time expended by clinicians on documentation (Daly et al 2002). Moreover, the use of an information system is stated to have had no impact on patient care, but doctors have acknowledged its use for research purposes (Holzemer and Henry 1992).</p>
<h3><strong>Prohibitive Costs of Implementation</strong></h3>
<p>While national-level EHRs have been adopted globally, their distribution across countries is telling. In a survey published in 2016 by the World Health Organization, wealthier countries were over-represented, with two-thirds from the upper-middle-income group and roughly half from the high-income countries having introduced EHR systems. On the other hand, only a third of lower-middle-income countries and 15% of low-income countries reported having implemented EHRs (World Health Organization 2016). A major reason for the slow uptake of EHRs in poorer countries is likely to be funding as EHR implementation requires considerable investment, with most projects averaging several million dollars (US) (Kuperman and Gibson 2003). Although various funding models for EHR implementation are being utilised globally, it is unclear what model will be adopted in India to bring in private healthcare service providers within its ambit (Healthcare Information and Management Systems Society 2007). This absence of funding direction for private actors poses to be a significant impediment in the integration of private databases with other public ones.</p>
<p>In general, poorer countries are also more likely to have less developed infrastructure and health Information and Communication Technology (ICT) to support EHR systems. Besides this, they not only lack the capacity and human resources required to develop and maintain such complex systems (Tierney et al 2010; McGinn et al 2011), but training periods have also been found to be long and more costly than expected (Kovener et al 1997).</p>
<h3><strong>Socio-economic Exclusions and Cross-cultural Barriers</strong></h3>
<p>There exists scant research investigating the existing use of EHRs in India, though preliminary work is being undertaken to assess EHR implementation in other developing countries (Tierney et al 2010; Fraser et al 2005). Even in the context of developed countries, where widespread adoption of EHRs has been gaining traction for some time now, very little data exists around implementation and efficacy in underserved regions and communities. This is further problematised as clinical information systems and user populations also vary in their characteristics and, for this reason, individual studies are unable to identify common trends that would predict EHR implementation success.</p>
<p>Underserved settings may lack the infrastructure needed to support EHRs. The risk of exclusion already exists in parts such as difficulties inherent in delivering care to remote locations, barriers related to cross-cultural communication, and the pervasive problem of providing care in the setting of severe resource constraints. Equally important is the fact that health workers who already report significant existing impediments in their delivery of routine care in these settings do not necessarily see EHRs as being useful in catering to the specific needs of their patient population (Bach et al 2004). Moreover, experience with EHRs also reveals that there are cultural barriers to capturing accurate data (Miklin et al 2019). What this could mean is that stigma associated with the diagnosis of conditions such as HIV/AIDS or induced abortions will result in their under-reporting even within EHR systems.</p>
<h3><strong>Stick or Twist?</strong></h3>
<p>Other modalities have been devised to nudge healthcare providers into adopting EHR standards voluntarily. The National Accreditation Board for Hospitals and Healthcare Providers (NABH), India, a constituent board of the Quality Council of India (a public–private initiative), has been reported to have incorporated the EHR standards within its accreditation matrix. NABH accreditation, considered an indicator of high quality patient care, is highly sought–after by hospitals in India in order to attract medical tourists as well as insurance companies: two prominent sources of income for hospitals (Kandhari 2017). Additionally, NABH accreditation is valid for a term of three years, thus requiring hospitals seeking to renew their accreditation to adopt EHR standards as well.</p>
<p>Another commercial use of EHR has been in health insurance. The Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry (FICCI) and the Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority (IRDAI) have both voiced their support for expediting the implementation of the EHR standards (EMR Standards Committee 2013). Both, the FICCI and IRDAI have placed emphasis on adopting EHRs, seeing it as a necessary move for formalising the health insurance industry (FICCI 2015). They have also had representation on the committee that sent recommendations to the MHFW on the first version of the EHR standards in 2013 (FICCI 2015). FICCI had additionally played a coordination role in having the recommendations framed for the 2013 EHR standards.</p>
<h3><strong>Fluid Data Objectives</strong></h3>
<p>The push for EHR implementation is emblematic of a larger shift in the healthcare approach of the Indian state, that of an indirect targeting of demand-side financing by plugging data inefficiencies in health insurance.</p>
<p>The draft National Health Policy (NHP), published in 2015, reflected the mandate of the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare to strengthen the public health system by creating a right to healthcare legislation and reaching a public spend of 2.5% of the gross domestic product by 2018. The final version of the NHP, published in 2017, however, codified a shift in healthcare policy by focusing on strategic purchasing of secondary and tertiary care services from the private sector and a publicly funded health insurance model.</p>
<p>In line with the vision of the NHP 2017, in February 2018, the Union Minister for Finance and Corporate Affairs, Arun Jaitley, announced two major initiatives as a part of the government’s Ayushman Bharat programme (Ministry of Finance 2018). Administered under the aegis of the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, these initiatives are intended to improve access to primary healthcare through the creation of 150,000 health and wellness centres as envisioned under the NHP 2017, and improve access to secondary and tertiary healthcare for over 100 million vulnerable families by providing insurance cover of up to ₹ 500,000 per family per year under the Pradhan Mantri–Rashtriya Swasthya Suraksha Mission/National Health Protection Scheme (PM–RSSM/NHPS) (Ministry of Health and Family Welfare 2018). The NHPS, modelled along the lines of the Affordable Care Act in the US, was later rebranded as the Pradhan Mantri–Jan Arogya Yojana (PM-JAY) at the time of its launch in September 2018. It is claimed to be the world’s largest government-funded healthcare programme and is intentioned to provide health insurance coverage for vulnerable sections in lieu of the Sustainable Development Goal-3 (National Health Authority nd).</p>
<p>To enable the implementation of the Ayushman Bharat programme, the NITI Aayog then proposed the creation of a supply-side digital infrastructure called National Health Stack (NHS) (NITI Aayog 2018). As outlined in the consultation and strategy paper, the NHS is “built for NHPS, but beyond NHPS.” The NHS seeks to leverage the digitisation push through IndiaStack, which seeks to digitalise “any large-scale health insurance program, in particular, any government-funded health care programs.” The synergy is clear, with the NHPS scheme also aiming to be “cashless and paperless at public hospitals and empanelled private hospitals" (National Health Authority nd) <strong>[2]</strong>.</p>
<p>The NHS is also closely aligned with the NHP 2017, which draws attention to leveraging technologies such as big data analytics on data stored in universal registries. The Vision document for the NHS emphasises the fragmented nature of health data as an impediment to reducing inequities in healthcare provision. The NHS, then, also seeks to be the master repository of health data akin to the IHIP. By creating a base layer of registries containing information about various actors involved in the healthcare supply chain (providers such as hospitals, beneficiaries, doctors, insurers and Accredited Social Health Activists), it potentially allows for recording of data from both public and private sector entities, plugging a significant gap in the coverage of the HIS currently implemented in India. With the provision of open, pullable APIs, the NHS also shares the motivations of the IndiaStack to monetise health data.</p>
<p>A key component of the proposed NHS is the Coverage and Claims platform, which the vision document describes as “provid[ing] the building blocks required to implement any large-scale health insurance program, in particular, any government-funded healthcare programs. This platform has the transformative vision of enabling both public and private actors to implement insurance schemes in an automated, data-driven manner through open APIs " (NITI Aayog2018). A post on the iSPIRT website further explains the centrality of this Coverage and Claims platform in enabling a highly personalised medical insurance market in India: “This component will not only bring down the cost of processing a claim but ... increased access to information about an individual’s health and claims history ... will also enable the creation of personalised, sachet-sized insurance policies." These data-driven customised insurance policies are expected to generate “care policies that are not only personalized in nature but that also incentivize good healthcare practices amongst consumers and providers … [and] use of techniques from microeconomics to manage incentives for care providers, and those from behavioural economics to incentivise consumers" (Productnation Network 2019). The Coverage and Claims platform, and especially the Policy (generation) Engine that it will contain, is aimed at intensive financialisation of personal healthcare expenses, and extensive experiments with designing personalised nudges to shape the demand behaviour of consumers.</p>
<p>The imagination of healthcare the NHS demonstrates is one where broadening health insurance coverage is equated to providing equitable healthcare and as a panacea for the public healthcare sector. The first phase of this push towards better healthcare provision is to focus on contextualising the historical socio-economic divide. The next phase is characterised by digitalisation: the introduction of ICT to bridge the socio-economic divide in healthcare provision. In this process, the resulting data divide has been invisibilised in reframing better healthcare as an insurance problem for which data needs to be generated. Each policy innovation is then characterised by further marginalisation of those that were originally identified as underserved. This is a result of increasing repercussions of the data-divide, with access to benefits increasingly being mediated by technology.</p>
<h3><strong>Concluding Remarks</strong></h3>
<blockquote>The idea that any person in India can go to any health service provider/ practitioner, any diagnostic center or any pharmacy and yet be able to access and have fully integrated and always available health records in an electronic format is not only empowering but also the vision for efficient 21st century healthcare delivery.<br />
— Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Electronic Health Record Standards For India (2013)</blockquote>
<p>The objective of health data collection has evolved over the course of the institution of the HIS in 2011, to the development of the NHPS and National Health Policy in 2017. What began as a solution to measure and address gaps in access and quality in healthcare provisioning through data analysis has morphed into data centralisation and insurance coverage. Shifting goalposts can also be found in the objectives behind introducing digital systems to collect data.</p>
<p>In recent iterations of the healthcare imaginary, such as the IHIP and the NHS, data ownership by the beneficiaries is stressed upon. In the absence of a rights-based framework dictating the use of data, the role of ownership should be interrogated, especially in the context of a prevalent data divide (Tisne 2019). The legitimisation of data capture can be seen in the emergence of opt-in models of consent, data fiduciaries managing consent on the data subject’s behalf, etc. (Zuboff 2019).</p>
<p>This framing forecloses a discussion about the quality and kind of data being used. The push towards datafication needs to be questioned for its re-indexing of categorical meaning away from the complexities of narrative, context and history (Cheney-Lippold 2018). Instead, the proposed solution is one that stores datafied elements within a closed set (reproductive health= [abortion, aids, contraceptive,...vaccination, womb]). While this set may be editable, so new interpretations can be codified, it inherently remains stable, assuming a static relationship between words and meaning. Health is then treated as having an empirically definable meaning, thus losing the dynamism of what the health and wellness discourse could entail.</p>
<p>It has been historically demonstrated in the Indian context that multiple tools and databases for health data management are a barrier to an efficient HIS. However, generating centralised or federated databases without addressing concerns in data flows, quality, uses in existing data structures, and the digital divide across health workers and beneficiaries alike will lead to the amplification of existing exclusions in data and, consequently, service provisioning.</p>
<h3><strong>Acknowledgements</strong></h3>
<p>The author would like to express his gratitude to Sumandro Chattapadhyay and Ambika Tandon for their inputs and editorial work on this contribution. This work was supported by the Big Data for Development Network established by International Development Research Centre (Canada).</p>
<h3><strong>Notes</strong></h3>
<p><strong>[1]</strong> Section 2 (a) of the Clinical Establishments (Registration and Regulation) Act, 2010: A hospital, maternity home, nursing home, dispensary, clinic, sanatorium or institution by whatever name called that offers services, facilities requiring diagnosis, treatment or care for illness, injury, deformity, abnormality or pregnancy in any recognised system of medicine established and administered or maintained by any person or body of persons, whether incorporated or not.</p>
<p><strong>[2]</strong> The National Health Stack, then, is the latest manifestation of the Indian government’s push for a “Digital India.” A key component of Digital India has been e-governance, financial inclusion, and digitisation of transaction services. The nudge towards cashless modes of transaction and delivery, also accelerated by India’s demonetisation drive in November 2016, has led to rapid uptake of digital payment services in particular, and that of the IndiaStack initiative in general. Developed by iSPIRT, IndiaStack (https://indiastack.org/) aspires to transform service delivery by public and private actors alike through its “presence-less, paperless, and cashless” mandate.</p>
<h3><strong>References</strong></h3>
<p>Allan, J and Jane Englebright (2000): “Patient-Centered Documentation,” JONA: The Journal of Nursing Administration, Vol 30, No 2, pp 90–95.</p>
<p>Bach, Peter, Hoangmai Pham, Deborah Schrag, Ramsey Tate and J Lee Hargraves (2004): “Primary Care Physicians Who Treat Blacks and Whites,” New England Journal of Medicine, Vol 351, pp 575–84.</p>
<p>Cheney-Lippold, John (2018): We Are Data: Algorithms and the Making of Our Digital Selves, New Delhi: Sage.</p>
<p>Daly, Jeanette, Buckwalter Kathleen and Meridean Maas (2002): “Written and Computerized Care Plans,” Journal of Gerontological Nursing, Vol 28, No 9, pp 14–23.</p>
<p>EMR Standards Committee (2013): “Recommendations on Electronic Medical Records Standards in India,” Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India, New Delhi, https://mohfw.gov.in/sites/default/files/24539108839988920051EHR%20Standards-v5%20Apr%202013.pdf.</p>
<p>Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry (2015): "A Guiding Framework for OPD and Preventive Health Insurance in India: Supply and Demand Side Analysis," http://ficci.in/spdocument/20678/P&P-helath-insurance.pdf.</p>
<p>Fraser, Hamish, Paul Biondich, Deshendran Moodley, Sharon Choi, Burke Mamlin and Peter Szolovits (2005): “Implementing Electronic Medical Record Systems in Developing Countries,” Journal of Innovation in Health Informatics, Vol 13 No 2, pp 83–95.</p>
<p>Häyrinen, Kristiina, Kaija Saranto and Pirkko Nykänen (2008): “Definition, Structure, Content, Use and Impacts of Electronic Health Records: A Review of the Research Literature,” International Journal of Medical Informatics, Vol 77, No 5, pp 291–304.</p>
<p>Healthcare Information and Management Systems Society (2007): “Electronic Health Records: A Global Perspective,” http://www.providersedge.com/ehdocs/ehr_articles/Electronic_Health_Records-A_Global_Perspective-Exec_Summary.pdf.</p>
<p>Holzemer, William and S B Henry (1992): “Computer-supported Versus Manually-generated Nursing Care Plans: A Comparison of Patient Problems, Nursing Interventions, and AIDS Patient Outcomes,” Computers in Nursing, Vol 10 No 1, pp 19–24.</p>
<p>Jha, Ashish, Catherine DesRoches, Eric Campbell, Karen Donelan, Sowmya Rao, Timothy Ferris, Alexandra Shields, Sarah Rosenbaum and David Blumenthal (2009): "Use of Electronic Health Records in U.S. Hospitals," New England Journal of Medicine, Vol 360 No 16, pp 1628–1638.</p>
<p>Jyoti, Archana (2018): “States Give Clinical Establishment Act Cold Shoulder," Pioneer, https://www.dailypioneer.com/2018/india/states-give-clinical-establishment-act-cold-shoulder.html.</p>
<p>Kandhari, Ruhi (2017): “Why a Backdoor Push Towards eHealth,” Ken, https://the-ken.com/story/why-backdoor-push-towards-ehealth/.</p>
<p>Kovner, Christine, Lynda Schuchman and Catherin Mallard (1997): “The Application of Pen-Based Computer Technology to Home Health Care,” CIN: Computers, Informatics and Nursing, Vol 15, No 5, pp 237–44.</p>
<p>Krishnamurthy, R (2018): “Integrated Health Information Platform for Integrated Disease Surveillance Program,” Training of the Trainer Workshop, World Health Organisation, New Delhi, https://idsp.nic.in/WriteReadData/IHIP/IHIP%20ToT-Overview-Presentation.pdf.</p>
<p>Kuperman, Gilad and Richard Gibson (2003): “Computer Physician Order Entry: Benefits, Costs, and Issues,” Annals of Internal Medicine, Vol 139 No 1, pp 31–9.</p>
<p>Leung, Gabriel, Philip Yu, Irene Wong, Janice Johnston and Keith Tin (2003): “Incentives and Barriers That Influence Clinical Computerization in Hong Kong: A Population-based Physician Survey,” Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association, Vol 10 No 2, pp 201–12.</p>
<p>McGinn Carrie Anna, Sonya Grenier, Julie Duplantie, Nicola Shaw, Claude Sicotte, Luc Mathieu, Yvan Leduc, France Légaré and Marie-Pierre Gagnon (2011): “Comparison of User Groups' Perspectives of Barriers and Facilitators to Implementing Electronic Health Records: A Systematic Review,” BMC Medicine, Vol 9 No 46.</p>
<p>Miklin, Daniel, Sameera Vangara, Alan Delamater and Kenneth Goodman (2019): “Understanding of and Barriers to Electronic Health Record Patient Portal Access in a Culturally Diverse Pediatric Population,” JMIR Medical Informatics, Vol 7, No 2.</p>
<p>Ministry of Finance (2018): “Budget 2018-19: Speech of Arun Jaitley,” New Delhi, https://www.indiabudget.gov.in/ub2018-19/bs/bs.pdf.</p>
<p>Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India (2008): "4 Years of Transforming India-Healthcare for All," New Delhi. https://mohfw.gov.in/ebook2018/gvtbook.html.</p>
<p>Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India (2013): “Electronic Health Record Standards For India,” Government of India, New Delhi, https://www.nhp.gov.in/NHPfiles/ehr_2013.pdf.</p>
<p>Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India (2017): Request for Proposal: Development and Implementation of Integrated Health Information Platform (IHIP), Centre for Health Informatics, National Institute of Health and Family Welfare, New Delhi, https://nhp.gov.in/NHPfiles/IHIP_RFP%20.pdf.</p>
<p>Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India (2018): “IDSP Segment of Integrated Health Information Platform,” New Delhi, https://idsp.nic.in/index4.php?lang=1&level=0&linkid=454&lid=3977.</p>
<p>National Health Authority (nd): “About Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (PM-JAY) | Ayushmaan Bharat,” https://www.pmjay.gov.in/about-pmjay.</p>
<p>NITI Aayog (2018): “National Health Stack- Strategy and Approach,” NITI Aayog, New Delhi, http://www.niti.gov.in/writereaddata/files/document_publication/NHS-Strategy-and-Approach-Document-for-consultation.pdf.</p>
<p>Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (2013): “Strengthening Health Information Infrastructure for Health Care Quality Governance: Good Practices, New Opportunities and Data Privacy Protection Challenges,” OECD Health Policy Studies, Paris, OECD Publishing, https://read.oecd-ilibrary.org/social-issues-migration-health/strengthening-health-information-infrastructure-for-health-care-quality-governance_9789264193505-en.</p>
<p>Poon, Eric, David Blumenthal, Tonushree Jaggi, Melissa Honour, David Bates and Rainu Kaushal (2004): “Overcoming Barriers to Adopting and Implementing Computerized Physician Order Entry Systems in U.S. Hospitals,” Health Affairs, Vol 23 No 4, pp 184–90.</p>
<p>Productnation Network (2019): “India’s Health Leapfrog–Towards A Holistic Healthcare Ecosystem,” iSpirt, https://pn.ispirt.in/towards-a-holistic-healthcare-ecosystem/.</p>
<p>Rathi, Aayush and Ambika Tandon (2019): “Data Infrastructures and Inequities: Why Does Reproductive Health Surveillance in India Need Our Urgent Attention?” EPW Engage, https://www.epw.in/engage/article/data-infrastructures-inequities-why-does-reproductive-health-surveillance-india-need-urgent-attention.</p>
<p>Sequist, Thomas, Theresa Cullen, Howard Hays, Maile Taualii, Steven Simon, and David Bates (2007): “Implementation and Use of an Electronic Health Record Within the Indian Health Service,” Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association, Vol 14, No 2, pp 191–97.</p>
<p>World Bank (nd): Physicians (per 1,000 people) | Data, https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.MED.PHYS.ZS.</p>
<p>Tierney, William et al. (2010): “Experience Implementing Electronic Health Records in Three East African Countries,” Studies in Health Technology and Informatics, Vol 160, No 1, pp 371–75.</p>
<p>Tisne, Martin (2018): “It’s Time for a Bill of Data Rights,” MIT Technology Review, https://www.technologyreview.com/s/612588/its-time-for-a-bill-of-data-rights/.</p>
<p>World Health Organization (2016): “Global Diffusion of eHealth: Making Universal Health Coverage Achievable,” https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/252529/9789241511780-eng.pdf;jsessionid=9DD5F8603C67EEF35549799B928F3541?sequence=1.</p>
<p>Zuboff, Soshana (2019): The Age of Surveillance Capitalism, New York: PublicAffairs.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>
For more details visit <a href='http://editors.cis-india.org/raw/is-indias-digital-health-system-foolproof'>http://editors.cis-india.org/raw/is-indias-digital-health-system-foolproof</a>
</p>
No publisheraayushEHRBig DataBig Data for DevelopmentResearchBD4DHealthcareResearchers at Work2019-12-30T17:58:00ZBlog EntryIdentity of the Aadhaar Act: Supreme Court and the Money Bill Question
http://editors.cis-india.org/internet-governance/blog/identity-of-the-aadhaar-act-supreme-court-and-the-money-bill-question
<b>A writ petition has been filed by former Union minister Jairam Ramesh on April 6 challenging the constitutionality and legality of the treatment of this Act as a money bill. The Supreme Court heard the matter on April 25 and invited the Union government to present its view. It is our view that the Supreme Court can not only review the Lok Sabha speaker’s decision, but should also ask the government to draft the Aadhaar Bill again, this time with greater parliamentary and public deliberation. Vanya Rakesh and Sumandro Chattapadhyay wrote this article on The Wire.</b>
<p> </p>
<p>Published by and cross-posted from <a href="http://thewire.in/2016/05/09/identity-of-the-aadhaar-act-supreme-court-and-the-money-bill-question-34721/">The Wire</a>.</p>
<hr />
<p>The Aadhaar Act 2016, passed in the Lok Sabha on March 16, 2016, <a href="http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/opposition-picks-holes-in-aadhaar-bill/article8361213.ece">faced opposition</a> ever since it was tabled in parliament. In particular, the move to introduce it as a money bill has been vehemently challenged on grounds of this being an attempt to bypass the Rajya Sabha completely. <a href="http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/jairam-ramesh-moves-supreme-court-against-treating-aadhaar-bill-as-money-bill/article8446997.ece">A writ petition has been filed by former Union minister Jairam Ramesh on April 6</a> challenging the constitutionality and legality of the treatment of this Act as a money bill. The Supreme Court heard the matter on April 25 and invited the Union government to present its view.</p>
<p>It is our view that the Supreme Court can not only review the Lok Sabha speaker’s decision, but should also ask the government to draft the Aadhaar Bill again, this time with greater parliamentary and public deliberation.</p>
<h3>The money bill question</h3>
<p>M.R. Madhavan <a href="http://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/aadhaar-bill-money-bill-name-of-the-bill-2754080/">has argued</a> that the Aadhaar Act contains matters other than “only” those incidental to expenditure from the consolidated fund, as it establishes a biometrics-based unique identification number for beneficiaries of government services and benefits, but also allows the number to be used for other purposes beyond service delivery. While Pratap Bhanu Mehta <a href="http://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/privacy-after-aadhaar-money-bill-rajya-sabha-upa/">calls this a subversion</a> of “the spirit of the constitution”, P.D.T. Achary, former secretary general of the Lok Sabha, <a href="http://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/show-me-the-money-4/">expressed concern</a> about the attempts to pass off financial bills like Aadhaar as money bills as a means to <a href="http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/circumventing-the-rajya-sabha/article7531467.ece">circumvent</a> and erode the supervisory role of the Rajya Sabha. Arvind Datar has further emphasised that when the primary purpose of a bill is not governed by Article 110(1), then certifying it as a money bill is <a href="http://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/making-a-money-bill-of-it/">an unconstitutional act</a>.</p>
<p>Article 110(1) of the Constitution identifies a bill as a money bill if it contains “only” provisions dealing with the following matters, or those incidental to them:</p>
<ol>
<li>imposition and regulation of any tax,</li>
<li>financial obligations undertaken by Indian Government,</li>
<li>payment into or withdrawal from the Consolidated Fund of India (CFI) or Contingent Fund of India,</li>
<li>appropriation of money and expenditure charged on the CFI or receipt, and</li>
<li>custody, issue or audit of money into CFI or public account of India.</li></ol>
<p>However, the link of the Act with the Consolidated Fund of India is rather tenuous, since it depends on the Union or state governments declaring a certain subsidy to be available upon verification of the Aadhaar number. The objectives and validity of the Act would not actually change if the Aadhaar number no longer was directly connected to the delivery of services. The use of the word “if” in section 7 explicitly leaves scope for a situation where the government does not declare an Aadhaar verification as necessary for accessing a subsidy. In such a scenario, the Act will still be valid but without any formal connection with any charges on the Consolidated Fund of India.</p>
<h3>A case of procedural irregularity?</h3>
<p>The constitution of India borrows the idea of providing the speaker with the authority to certify a bill as money bill from British law, but operationalises it differently. In the UK, though the speaker’s certificate on a money bill is <a href="https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/480476/Money_Bills__12_Nov_2015___accessible_PDF_.pdf">conclusive</a> for all purposes under section 3 of the Parliament Act 1911, the speaker is <a href="http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld201011/ldselect/ldconst/97/9703.htm">required to consult</a> two senior members, usually one from either side of the house, appointed by the committee from amongst those senior MPs who chair general committees. In India, the speaker makes the decision on her own.</p>
<p>Although article 110 (3) of the Indian constitution states that the decision of the speaker of the Lok Sabha shall be final in case a question arises regarding whether a bill is a money bill or not, this does not restrict the Supreme Court from entertaining and hearing a petition contesting the speaker’s decision. As the Aadhaar Act was introduced in the Lok Sabha as a money bill even though it does not meet the necessary criteria for such a classification, this treatment of the bill may be considered as an instance of <em>procedural irregularity</em>.</p>
<p>There is ample jurisprudence on what happens when the Supreme Court’s power of judicial review comes up against Article 122 – which states that the validity of any proceeding in the parliament can (only) be called into question on the grounds of procedural irregularities. In the crucial judgment of <a href="https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1757390/"><em>Raja Ram Pal vs Hon’ble Speaker, Lok Sabha and Others</em></a> (2007), the court evaluated the scope of judicial review and observed that although parliament is supreme, unlike Britain, proceedings which are found to suffer from substantive illegality or unconstitutionality, cannot be held protected from judicial scrutiny by article 122, as opposed to mere irregularity. Deciding upon the scope for judicial intervention in respect of exercise of power by the speaker, in <a href="https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1686885/"><em>Kihoto Hollohan vs Zachillhu and Ors.</em></a> (1992), the Supreme Court held that though the speaker of the house holds a pivotal position in a parliamentary democracy, the decision of the speaker (while adjudicating on disputed disqualification) is subject to judicial review that may look into the correctness of the decision.</p>
<p>Several past decisions of the Supreme Court discuss how the tests of legality and constitutionality help decide whether parliamentary proceedings are immune from judicial review or not. In <a href="https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1249806/"><em>Ramdas Athawale vs Union of India</em></a> (2010), the case of <a href="https://indiankanoon.org/doc/638013/"><em>Keshav Singh vs Speaker, Legislative Assembly</em></a> (1964) was referred to, in which the judges had unequivocally upheld the judiciary’s power to scrutinise the actions of the speaker and the houses. It was observed that if the parliamentary procedure is illegal and unconstitutional, it would be open to scrutiny in a court of law and could be a ground for interference by courts under <a href="https://indiankanoon.org/doc/981147/">Article 32</a>, though the immunity from judicial interference under this article is confined to matters of irregularity of procedure. These observations were reiterated in <a href="https://indiankanoon.org/docfragment/108219590/?formInput=lokayukta"><em>Mohd. Saeed Siddiqui vs State of Uttar Pradesh</em></a> (2014) and <a href="https://indiankanoon.org/doc/199851373/"><em>Yogendra Kumar Jaiswal vs State of Bihar</em></a> (2016).</p>
<p>Thus, the decision of the Lok Sabha speaker to pass and certify a bill as a money bill is definitely not immune from judicial review. Additionally, the Supreme Court has the power to issue directions, orders or writs for enforcement of rights under Article 32 of the constitution, therefore, allowing the judiciary to decide upon the manner of introducing the Aadhaar Act in parliament.</p>
<h3>National implications demand public deliberation</h3>
<p>As the provisions of the Aadhaar Act have <a href="http://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/privacy-after-aadhaar-money-bill-rajya-sabha-upa/">far reaching implications</a> for the fundamental and constitutional rights of Indian citizens, the Supreme Court should look into the matter of its identification and treatment as a money bill and whether such decisions lead to the thwarting of legislative and procedural justice.</p>
<p>The Supreme Court may also take this opportunity to reflect on the very decision making process for classification of bills in general. As <a href="http://www.thehoot.org/media-watch/law-and-policy/aadhar-why-classification-matters-in-law-making-9281">Smarika Kumar argues</a>, experience with the Aadhaar Act reveals a structural concern regarding this classification process, which may have substantial implications in terms of undermining public and parliamentary deliberative processes. This “trend,” as <a href="http://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/making-a-money-bill-of-it/">Arvind Datar notes</a>, of limiting legislative discussions and decisions of national importance within the space of the Lok Sabha must be swiftly curtailed.</p>
<p>Apart from deciding upon the legality of the nature of the bill, it is vital that the apex court ask the government to categorically respond to the concerns red-flagged by the <a href="http://164.100.47.134/lsscommittee/Finance/15_Finance_42.pdf">Standing Committee on Finance</a>, which had taken great exception to the continued collection of data and issuance of Aadhaar numbers in its report, and to the recommendations <a href="http://thewire.in/2016/03/16/three-rajya-sabha-amendments-that-will-shape-the-aadhaar-debate-24993/">passed in the Rajya Sabha recently</a>. Further, the repeated violation of the Supreme Court’s interim orders – that the Aadhaar number cannot be made mandatory for availing benefits and services – in contexts ranging from <a href="http://www.caravanmagazine.in/vantage/how-get-married-without-aadhaar-number">marriages</a> to the <a href="http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/payment-denied-for-nrega-workers-without-uidai-cards-in-jharkhand/article5674969.ece">guaranteed work programme</a> should also be addressed and responses sought from the Union government.</p>
<p>Evidently, the substantial implications of the Aadhaar Act for national security and fundamental rights of citizens, primarily privacy and data security, make it imperative to conduct a duly balanced public deliberation process, both within and outside the houses of parliament, before enacting such a legislation.</p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p>
For more details visit <a href='http://editors.cis-india.org/internet-governance/blog/identity-of-the-aadhaar-act-supreme-court-and-the-money-bill-question'>http://editors.cis-india.org/internet-governance/blog/identity-of-the-aadhaar-act-supreme-court-and-the-money-bill-question</a>
</p>
No publisherVanya Rakesh and Sumandro ChattapadhyayUIDBig DataPrivacyInternet GovernanceAadhaar2016-05-09T11:52:44ZBlog EntryGlobal Technology Summit 2017
http://editors.cis-india.org/internet-governance/news/global-technology-summit-2017
<b>The 2017 Global Technology Summit will take place on December 7 and 8, 2017 at the Hotel Leela Palace, Bangalore. Sunil Abraham is a speaker at the event.</b>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">Link to the original published by Carnegie <a class="external-link" href="http://carnegieindia.org/2017/12/08/global-technology-summit-2017-event-5656?mkt_tok=eyJpIjoiTjJKbFlXWTBaakV3TVRVMSIsInQiOiJ1YkRmVHZHd2h2bVFOTzNEQm94YzRBYUtrWjFwNnhXMkJFSWNiSDE0QldRd3RsT3d1cXhyd2xrNGs4MjdUc2NTN3kyMm9wd28zWGgrcWFDVVBMXC90czhYQ0dSTzlPajRseGdzXC80WW4wWE9zMVR1N1pYY0pmdHBqZTRjSGphQWVRIn0%3D">here</a></p>
<hr style="text-align: justify; " />
<p style="text-align: justify; ">The inaugural edition of the <a href="http://carnegieindia.org/2016/12/07/global-technology-summit-2016-event-5407">Global Technology Summit</a> convened leading scholars, experts, and officials from more than ten countries for wide-ranging discussions on policy frameworks for technological innovation.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">Building on its success, leading innovators, researchers, and entrepreneurs in cutting-edge technologies from around the world will engage with regulators, policy experts, and civil society actors this December in Bangalore.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">The Summit will focus on new directions in technology policy, such as tech-diplomacy, data protection, and building an innovation ecosystem, as well as fields like digital finance, e-mobility, robotics, and smart cities, where massive technological transformation is likely in the coming years.</p>
<p><a class="external-link" href="http://cis-india.org/internet-governance/files/global-technology-summit-2017-agenda"><b>Agenda here</b></a></p>
<h3>Panel Description</h3>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">Navigating Big Data Challenges: Access to data, and capabilities to analyze the same, redefine the business moat for corporations and governance opportunities for governments. Data dictates product and policy success. It also raises complex challenges. With ever increasing hacks and vulnerabilities, data security continues to confound us. Data-driven businesses and governments also question core assumptions of privacy and individual reputation. Machine learning and deep learning, facilitated by data crunching algorithms, can either be coded to discriminate or learn from human data sets and imbibe the very same prejudices. This panel will deliberate upon these varied challenges, and explore possible policy frameworks to address them.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">The panelists are:</p>
<ul>
<li>Ann Cavoukian</li>
<li>Rahul Matthan</li>
<li>Vishnu Shankar</li>
<li>Rob Sherman</li>
<li>Sunil Abraham</li>
</ul>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">Chaired by B.N. Srikrishna, former judge, Supreme Court of India</p>
<p>
For more details visit <a href='http://editors.cis-india.org/internet-governance/news/global-technology-summit-2017'>http://editors.cis-india.org/internet-governance/news/global-technology-summit-2017</a>
</p>
No publisherAdminInternet GovernanceBig Data2017-12-05T13:47:57ZNews ItemFuture Value of Data
http://editors.cis-india.org/internet-governance/news/future-value-of-data
<b>Carnegie India with support of Facebook organized a workshop in Bengaluru on January 10, 2018. Sunil Abraham participated in the workshop.</b>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">The event focused on the political economy of reform in India, foreign and security policy, and the role of innovation and technology in India's internal transformation and international relations.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">Core aims of the workshop included:</p>
<ul>
<li>Share and debate views on what changes we expect in the value of data over next decade.</li>
<li>Challenge and explore the underlying drivers of change across broad arena.</li>
<li>Debate the regional and global perspectives and highlight unique issues of greatest impact.</li>
<li>Build an informed collective view on the topic for all to use going forward.</li>
</ul>
<p>For more details on Future of Value Data, <a class="external-link" href="https://www.futureagenda.org/news/future-value-of-data">click here</a></p>
<p>
For more details visit <a href='http://editors.cis-india.org/internet-governance/news/future-value-of-data'>http://editors.cis-india.org/internet-governance/news/future-value-of-data</a>
</p>
No publisherAdminInternet GovernanceBig Data2018-01-17T00:32:50ZNews ItemExploring Big Data for Development: An Electricity Sector Case Study from India
http://editors.cis-india.org/raw/exploring-big-data-for-development-an-electricity-sector-case-study-from-india
<b>This working paper by Ritam Sengupta, Dr. Richard Heeks, Sumandro Chattapadhyay, and Dr. Christopher Foster draws from the field study undertaken by Ritam Sengupta, and is published by the Global Development Institute, University of Manchester. The field study was commissioned by the CIS, with support from the University of Manchester and the University of Sheffield.</b>
<p> </p>
<h4>Download the working paper: <a href="http://hummedia.manchester.ac.uk/institutes/gdi/publications/workingpapers/di/di_wp66.pdf" target="_blank">PDF</a></h4>
<hr />
<h3><strong>Abstract</strong></h3>
<p>This paper presents exploratory research into “data-intensive development” that seeks to inductively identify issues and conceptual frameworks of relevance to big data in developing countries. It presents a case study of big data innovations in “Stelcorp”; a state electricity corporation in India. In an attempt to address losses in electricity distribution, Stelcorp has introduced new digital meters throughout the distribution network to capture big data, and organisation-wide information systems that store and process and disseminate big data.</p>
<p>Emergent issues are identified across three domains: implementation, value and outcome. Implementation of big data has worked relatively well but technical and human challenges remain. The advent of big data has enabled some – albeit constrained – value addition in all areas of organisational operation: customer billing, fault and loss detection, performance measurement, and planning. Yet US$ tens of millions of investment in big data has brought no aggregate improvement in distribution losses or revenue collection. This can be explained by the wider outcome, with big data faltering in the face of external politics; in this case the electoral politics of electrification. Alongside this reproduction of power, the paper also reflects on the way in which big data has enabled shifts in the locus of power: from public to private sector; from labour to management; and from lower to higher levels of management.</p>
<p>A number of conceptual frameworks emerge as having analytical power in studying big data and global development. The information value chain model helps track both implementation and value-creation of big data projects. The design-reality gap model can be used to analyse the nature and extent of barriers facing big data projects in developing countries. And models of power – resource dependency, epistemic models, and wider frameworks – are all shown as helping understand the politics of big data.</p>
<hr />
<em>Cross-posted from <a href="http://www.gdi.manchester.ac.uk/research/publications/other-working-papers/di/di-wp66/">University of Manchester</a>.</em>
<p> </p>
<p>
For more details visit <a href='http://editors.cis-india.org/raw/exploring-big-data-for-development-an-electricity-sector-case-study-from-india'>http://editors.cis-india.org/raw/exploring-big-data-for-development-an-electricity-sector-case-study-from-india</a>
</p>
No publishersumandroBig DataData SystemsResearchers at WorkResearchFeaturedPublicationsBig Data for Development2019-03-16T04:33:15ZBlog EntryDatabase on Big Data and Smart Cities International Standards
http://editors.cis-india.org/internet-governance/blog/database-on-big-data-and-smart-cities-international-standards
<b>The Centre for Internet and Society is in the process of mapping international standards specifically around Big Data, IoT and Smart Cities. Here is a living document containing a database of some of these key globally accepted standards. </b>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">1. <span>International Organisation for Standardization: ISO/IEC JTC 1 Working group on Big Data (WG 9 )</span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">● Background</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">- The <a href="http://www.iso.org/">International Organization for Standardization</a> /<a href="http://www.iec.ch/">International Electrotechnical Commission</a> (ISO/IEC) Joint Technical Committee (JTC) <a href="http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_technical_committee?commid=45020">1</a>, Information Technology announced the creation of a Working Group (WG) focused on standardization in connection with big data.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">- JTC 1 is the standards development environment where experts come together to develop worldwide standards on Information and Communication Technology (ICT) for integrating diverse and complex ICT technologies.<a href="#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1"><sup><sup>[1]</sup></sup></a></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">- The <a href="https://www.ansi.org/">American National Standards Institute (ANSI)</a> holds the secretariat to JTC 1 and the ANSI-accredited U.S. Technical Advisory Group (TAG) Administrator to JTC 1 is the<a href="http://www.incits.org/">InterNational Committee for Information Technology Standards</a> (INCITS) <a href="#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2"><sup><sup>[2]</sup></sup></a>, an ANSI member and accredited standards developer (ASD). InterNational Committee for Information Technology standards (INCITS) is a technical committee on Big Data to serve as the US Technical Advisory Group (TAG) to JTC 1/WG 9 on Big Data/ pending approval of a New Work Item Proposal (NWIP). The INCITS/Big Data will address standardization in the areas assigned to JTC 1/WG 9. <a href="#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3"><sup><sup>[3]</sup></sup></a></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">- Under U.S. leadership, WG 9 on Big Data will serve as the focus of JTC 1's big data standardization program.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">● Objective</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">- To identify standardization gaps.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">- Develop foundational standards for Big Data.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">- Develop and maintain liaisons with all relevant JTC 1 entities</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">- Grow the awareness of and encourage engagement in JTC 1 Big Data standardization efforts within JTC 1. <a href="#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4"><sup><sup>[4]</sup></sup></a></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">● Status</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">- JTC 1 appoints Mr. Wo Chang to serve as Convenor of the JTC 1 Working Group on Big Data.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">- The WG has set up a Study Group on Big Data.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">2. <span>International Organisation for Standardization: ISO/IEC JTC 1 Study group on Big Data</span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">● Background</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">- The ISO/IEC JTC1 Study Group on Big Data (JTC1 SGBD) was created by Resolution 27 at the November, 2013 JTC1 Plenary at the request of the USA and other national bodies for consideration of Big Data activities across all of JTC 1.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">- A Study Group (SG) is an ISO mechanism by which the convener of a Working Group (WG) under a sub-committee appoints a smaller group of experts to do focused work in a specific area to identify a clear group to focus attention on a major area and expand the manpower of the committee.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">- The goal of an SG is to create a proposal suitable for consideration by the whole WG, and it is the WG that will then decide whether and how to progress the work.<a href="#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5"><sup><sup>[5]</sup></sup></a></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">● Objective</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">JTC 1 establishes a Study Group on Big Data for consideration of Big Data</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">activities across all of JTC 1 with the following objectives:</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">- Mapping the existing landscape: Map existing ICT landscape for key technologies and relevant standards /models/studies /use cases and scenarios for Big Data from JTC 1, ISO, IEC and other standards setting organizations,</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">- Identify key terms : Identify key terms and definitions commonly used in the area of Big Data,</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">- Assess status of big data standardization : Assess the current status of Big Data standardization market requirements, identify standards gaps, and propose standardization priorities to serve as a basis for future JTC 1 work, and</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">- Provide a report with recommendations and other potential deliverables to the 2014 JTC 1 Plenary. <a href="#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6"><sup><sup>[6]</sup></sup></a></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">● Current Status</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">- The study group released a preliminary report in the year 2014, which can be accessed here : <a href="http://www.iso.org/iso/big_data_report-jtc1.pdf">http://www.iso.org/iso/big_data_report-jtc1.pdf</a>.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">3. <span>The National Institute of Standards and Technology Big Data Interoperability Framework : </span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">● Background</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">- NIST is leading the development of a Big Data Technology Roadmap which aims to define and prioritize requirements for interoperability, portability, reusability, and extensibility for big data analytic techniques and technology infrastructure to support secure and effective adoption of Big Data.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">- To help develop the ideas in the Big Data Technology Roadmap, NIST is creating the Public Working Group for Big Data which Released Seven Volumes of Big Data Interoperability Framework on September 16, 2015.<a href="#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7"><sup><sup>[7]</sup></sup></a></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">● Objective</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">- To advance progress in Big Data, the NIST Big Data Public Working Group (NBD-PWG) is working to develop consensus on important, fundamental concepts related to Big Data.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">● Status</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">- The results are reported in the NIST Big Data Interoperability Framework series of volumes. Under the framework, seven volumes have been released by NIST, available here:</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; "><a href="http://bigdatawg.nist.gov/V1_output_docs.php">http://bigdatawg.nist.gov/V1_output_docs.php</a></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">4. <span>IEEE Standards Association</span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">● Background:</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">- The IEEE Standards Association introduced a number of standards</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">related to big-data applications.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">● Status:</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">The following standard is under development:</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">- <a href="http://standards.ieee.org/develop/project/2413.html">IEEE P2413</a></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">"IEEE Standard for an Architectural Framework for the Internet of Things (IoT)" defines the relationships among devices used in industries, including transportation and health care. It also provides a blueprint for data privacy, protection, safety, and security, as well as a means to document and mitigate architecture divergence.<a href="#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8"><sup><sup>[8]</sup></sup></a></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">5. <span>ITU</span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">● Background:</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">- The <a href="http://www.itu.int/">International Telecommunications Union (ITU)</a> has announced its first standards for big data services, entitled 'Recommendation ITU-T Y.3600 "Big data - cloud computing based requirements and capabilities"', recognizing the need for strong technical standards considering the growth of big data to ensure that processing tools are able to achieve powerful results in the areas of collection, analysis, visualization, and more.<a href="#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9"><sup><sup>[9]</sup></sup></a></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">● Objective:</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">- Recommendation Y.3600 provides requirements, capabilities and use cases of</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">cloud computing based big data as well as its system context. Cloud computing</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">based big data provides the capabilities to collect, store, analyze, visualize and</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">manage varieties of large volume datasets, which cannot be rapidly transferred</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">and analysed using traditional technologies.<a href="#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10"><sup><sup>[10]</sup></sup></a></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">- It also outlines how cloud computing systems can be leveraged to provide big-data services.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">● Status:</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">- The standard was relseased in the year 2015 and is avaiabe here: <a href="http://www.itu.int/rec/T-REC-Y.3600-201511-I">http://www.itu.int/rec/T-REC-Y.3600-201511-I</a> .</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; "><b>Smart cities</b></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">1. <span>ISO Standards on Smart Cities</span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">● Background:</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">- ISO, the International Organization for Standardization, established a strategic advisory group in 2014 for smart cities, comprised of a wide range of international experts to advise ISO on how to coordinate current and future Smart City standardization activities, in cooperation with other international standards organizations, to benefit the market.<a href="#_ftn11" name="_ftnref11"><sup><sup>[11]</sup></sup></a></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">- Seven countries, China, Germany, UK, France, Japan, Korea and USA, are currently involved in the research.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">● Objective:</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">- The main aims of which are to formulate a definition of a Smart City</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">- Identify current and future ISO standards projects relating to Smart Cities</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">- Examine involvement of potential stakeholders, city requirements, potential interface problems. <a href="#_ftn12" name="_ftnref12"><sup><sup>[12]</sup></sup></a></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">● Status:</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">- ISO/TC 268, which is focused on sustainable development in communities, has one working group developing city indicators and other developing metrics for smart community infrastructures. In early 2016 this committee will be joined by another - IEC - systems committee. The first standard produced by ISO/TC 268 is ISO/TR 37150:2014.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">- ISO/TR 37150:2014 Smart community infrastructures -- Review of existing activities relevant to metrics: this standard provides a review of existing activities relevant to metrics for smart community infrastructures. The concept of smartness is addressed in terms of performance relevant to technologically implementable solutions, in accordance with sustainable development and resilience of communities, as defined in ISO/TC 268. ISO/TR 37150:2014 addresses community infrastructures such as energy, water, transportation, waste and information and communications technology (ICT). It focuses on the technical aspects of existing activities which have been published, implemented or discussed. Economic, political or societal aspects are not analyzed in ISO/TR 37150:2014.<a href="#_ftn13" name="_ftnref13"><sup><sup>[13]</sup></sup></a></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">- <a href="https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:std:iso:37120:ed-1:v1:en">ISO 37120:2014</a> provides city leaders and citizens a set of clearly defined city performance indicators and a standard approach for measuring each. Though some indicators will be more helpful for cities than others, cities can now consistently apply these indicators and accurately benchmark their city services and quality of life against other cities.<a href="#_ftn14" name="_ftnref14"><sup><sup>[14]</sup></sup></a> This new international standard was developed using the framework of the <a href="http://www.cityindicators.org/">Global City Indicators Facility (GCIF)</a> that has been extensively tested by more than 255 cities worldwide. This is a demand-led standard, driven and created by cities, for cities. ISO 37120 defines and establishes definitions and methodologies for a set of indicators to steer and measure the performance of city services and quality of life. The standard includes a comprehensive set of 100 indicators - of which 46 are core - that measures a city's social, economic, and environmental performance. <a href="#_ftn15" name="_ftnref15"><sup><sup>[15]</sup></sup></a></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">The GCIF global network, supports the newly constituted World Council on City Data - a sister organization of the GCI/GCIF - which allows for independent, third party verification of ISO 37120 data.<a href="#_ftn16" name="_ftnref16"><sup><sup>[16]</sup></sup></a></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">- <a href="http://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:std:iso:ts:37151:ed-1:v1:en">ISO/TS 37151</a> and ISO/TR 37152 Smart community infrastructures -- Common framework for development & operation: outlines 14 categories of basic community needs (from the perspective of residents, city managers and the environment) to measure the performance of smart community infrastructures. These are typical community infrastructures like energy, water, transportation, waste and information and communication technology systems, which have been optimized with sustainable development and resilience in mind. <a href="#_ftn17" name="_ftnref17"><sup><sup>[17]</sup></sup></a> The committee responsible for this document is ISO/TC 268, Sustainable development in communities, Subcommittee SC 1, Smart community infrastructures. The objective is to develop international consensus on a harmonised metrics to evaluate the smartness of key urban infrastructure.<a href="#_ftn18" name="_ftnref18"><sup><sup>[18]</sup></sup></a></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">- ISO 37101 Sustainable development of communities -- Management systems -- Requirements with guidance for resilience and smartness : By setting out requirements and guidance to attain sustainability with the support of methods and tools including smartness and resilience, it can help communities improve in a number of areas such as: Developing holistic and integrated approaches instead of working in silos (which can hinder sustainability), Fostering social and environmental changes, Improving health and wellbeing, Encouraging responsible resource use and Achieving better governance. <a href="#_ftn19" name="_ftnref19"><sup><sup>[19]</sup></sup></a> The objective is to develop a Management System Requirements Standard reflecting consensus on an integrated, cross-sector approach drawing on existing standards and best practices.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">- ISO 37102 Sustainable development & resilience of communities - Vocabulary . The objective is to establish a common set of terms and definitions for standardization in sustainable development, resilience and smartness in communities, cities and territories since there is pressing need for harmonization and clarification. This would provide a common language for all interested parties and stakeholders at the national, regional and international levels and would lead to improved ability to conduct benchmarks and to share experiences and best practices.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">- ISO/TR 37121 Inventory & review of existing indicators on sustainable development & resilience in cities : A common set of indicators useable by every city in the world and covering most issues related to sustainability, resilience and quality of life in cities. <a href="#_ftn20" name="_ftnref20"><sup><sup>[20]</sup></sup></a></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">- ISO/TR 12859:2009 gives general guidelines to developers of intelligent transport systems (ITS) standards and systems on data privacy aspects and associated legislative requirements for the development and revision of ITS standards and systems. <a href="#_ftn21" name="_ftnref21"><sup><sup>[21]</sup></sup></a></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">2. <span>International Organisation for Standardization: ISO/IEC JTC 1 Working group on Smart Cities (WG 11 )</span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">● Background:</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">- Serve as the focus of and proponent for JTC 1's Smart Cities standardization program and works for development of foundational standards for the use of ICT in Smart Cities - including the Smart City ICT Reference Framework and an Upper Level Ontology for Smart Cities - for guiding Smart Cities efforts throughout JTC 1 upon which other standards can be developed.<a href="#_ftn22" name="_ftnref22"><sup><sup>[22]</sup></sup></a></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">● Objective:</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">- To develop a set of ICT related indicators for Smart Cities in collaboration with ISO/TC 268.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">- Identify JTC 1 (and other organization) subgroups developing standards and related material that contribute to Smart Cities.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">- Grow the awareness of, and encourage engagement in, JTC 1 Smart Cities standardization efforts within JTC 1.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">● Status</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">- Ms Yuan Yuan is the Convenor of this Working group.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">- The purpose was to provide a report with recommendations to the JTC 1 Plenary in the year 2014, to which a preliminary report was submitted. <a href="#_ftn23" name="_ftnref23"><sup><sup>[23]</sup></sup></a></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">3. <span>International Organisation for Standardization: ISO/IEC JTC 1 Study Group (SG1) on Smart Cities </span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">● Background:</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">- The Study Group (SG) - Smart Cities was established in 2013<a href="#_ftn24" name="_ftnref24"><sup><sup>[24]</sup></sup></a> SG 1 will explicitly consider the work going on in the following committees: ISO/TMB/AG on Smart Cities, IEC/SEG 1, ITU-T/FG SSC and ISO/TC 268. <a href="#_ftn25" name="_ftnref25"><sup><sup>[25]</sup></sup></a></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">● Objective :</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">- To examine the needs and potentials for standardization in this area.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">● Status:</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">- SG 1 is paying particular attention to monitoring cloud computing activities, which it sees as the key element of the Smart Cities infrastructure. DIN's Information Technology and Selected IT Applications Standards Committee (NIA (www.nia.din.de)) is formally responsible for ISO/IEC JTC1 /SG 1, but an autonomous national mirror committee on Smart Cities does not yet exist and the work is being overseen by DIN's Smart Grid steering body. <a href="#_ftn26" name="_ftnref26"><sup><sup>[26]</sup></sup></a></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">- A preliminary report has been released in the 2014, available here- <a href="http://www.iso.org/iso/smart_cities_report-jtc1.pdf">http://www.iso.org/iso/smart_cities_report-jtc1.pdf</a></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">4. <span>ITU</span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">● Background:</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">- ITU members have established an ITU-T Study Group titled "ITU-T Study Group 20: IoT and its applications, including smart cities and communities" <a href="#_ftn27" name="_ftnref27"><sup><sup>[27]</sup></sup></a></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">- ITU-T has also established a Focus Group on Smart Sustainable Cities (FG-SSC).</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">● Objective:</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">- The study group will address the standardization requirements of Internet of Things (IoT) technologies, with an initial focus on IoT applications in smart cities.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">- The focus group shall assess the standardization requirements of cities aiming to boost their social, economic and environmental sustainability through the integration of information and communication technologies (ICTs) in their infrastructures and operations.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">- The Focus Group will act as an open platform for smart-city stakeholders - such as municipalities; academic and research institutes; non-governmental organizations (NGOs); and ICT organizations, industry forums and consortia - to exchange knowledge in the interests of identifying the standardized frameworks needed to support the integration of ICT services in smart cities.<a href="#_ftn28" name="_ftnref28"><sup><sup>[28]</sup></sup></a></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">● Status:</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">- The study group will develop standards that leverage IoT technologies to address urban-development challenges.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">- The FG-SSC concluded its work in May 2015 by approving 21 Technical Specifications and Reports. <a href="#_ftn29" name="_ftnref29"><sup><sup>[29]</sup></sup></a></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">- So far, ITU-T SG 5 FG-SSC has issued the following reports- Technical report "An overview of smart sustainable cities and the role of information and communication technologies", Technical report "Smart sustainable cities: an analysis of definitions", Technical report "Electromagnetic field (EMF) considerations in smart sustainable cities", Technical specifications "Overview of key performance indicators in smart sustainable cities", Technical report "Smart water management in cities".<a href="#_ftn30" name="_ftnref30"><sup><sup>[30]</sup></sup></a></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">5. <a href="http://pripareproject.eu/">PRIPARE Project </a>:</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">● Background:</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; "><a name="h.h6pbyhgvwgvj"></a> - The 7001 - PRIPARE Smart City Strategy is to to ensure that ICT solutions integrated in EIP smart cities will be compliant with future privacy regulation.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; "><a name="h.lhbkbgn0b1jv"></a> - PRIPARE aims to develop a privacy and security-by-design software and systems engineering methodology, using the combined expertise of the research community and taking into account multiple viewpoints (advocacy, legal, engineering, business).</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">● Objective:</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">- The mission of PRIPARE is to facilitate the application of a privacy and security-by-design methodology that will contribute to the advent of unhindered usage of Internet against disruptions, censorship and surveillance, support its practice by the ICT research community to prepare for industry practice and foster risk management culture through educational material targeted to a diversity of stakeholders.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">● Status:</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">- Liaison is currently on-going so that it becomes a standard (OASIS and ISO).<a href="#_ftn31" name="_ftnref31"><sup><sup>[31]</sup></sup></a></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">6. <span>BSI-UK</span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">● Background:</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">- In the UK, the British Standards Institution (BSI) has been commissioned by the UK Department of Business, Innovation and Skills (BIS) to conceive a Smart Cities Standards Strategy to identify vectors of smart city development where standards are needed.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">- The standards would be developed through a consensus-driven process under the BSI to ensure good practise is shared between all the actors. <a href="#_ftn32" name="_ftnref32"><sup><sup>[32]</sup></sup></a></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">● Objective:</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">The BIS launched the City's Standards Institute to bring together cities and key</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">industry leaders and innovators :</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">- To work together in identifying the challenges facing cities,</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">- Providing solutions to common problems, and</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">- Defining the future of smart city standards.<a href="#_ftn33" name="_ftnref33"><sup><sup>[33]</sup></sup></a></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">● Status:</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">The following standards and publications help address various issues for a city to</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">become a smart city:</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">- The development of a standard on <a href="http://www.bsigroup.com/en-GB/smart-cities/Smart-Cities-Standards-and-Publication/PAS-180-smart-cities-terminology/"> Smart city terminology (PAS 180) </a></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">- The development of a <a href="http://www.bsigroup.com/en-GB/smart-cities/Smart-Cities-Standards-and-Publication/PAS-181-smart-cities-framework/"> Smart city framework standard (PAS 181) </a></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">- The development of a <a href="http://www.bsigroup.com/en-GB/smart-cities/Smart-Cities-Standards-and-Publication/PAS-182-smart-cities-data-concept-model/"> Data concept model for smart cities (PAS 182) </a></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">- A <a href="http://www.bsigroup.com/en-GB/smart-cities/Smart-Cities-Standards-and-Publication/PD-8100-smart-cities-overview/"> Smart city overview document (PD 8100) </a></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">- A <a href="http://www.bsigroup.com/en-GB/smart-cities/Smart-Cities-Standards-and-Publication/PD-8101-smart-cities-planning-guidelines/"> Smart city planning guidelines document (PD 8101) </a></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">- BS 8904 Guidance for community sustainable development provides a decision-making framework that will help setting objectives in response to the needs and aspirations of city stakeholders</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">- BS 11000 Collaborative relationship management</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">- BSI BIP 2228:2013 Inclusive urban design - A guide to creating accessible public spaces.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">7. <span>Spain</span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">● Background:</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">- <a href="http://www.en.aenor.es/">AENOR</a>, the Spanish standards developing organization (SDO), has issued <a href="http://www.en.aenor.es/aenor/normas/ctn/fichactn.asp?codigonorm=AEN/CTN%20178">two new standards</a> on smart cities: the UNE 178303 and UNE-ISO 37120. These standards joined the already published UNE 178301.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">● Objective:</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">- The texts, prepared by the Technical Committee of Standardization of AENOR on Smart Cities (AEN / CTN 178) and sponsored by the SETSI (Secretary of State for Telecommunications and Information Society of the Ministry of Industry, Energy and Tourism), aim to encourage the development of a new model of urban services management based on efficiency and sustainability.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">● Status:</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">Some of the standards that have been developed are:</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">- UNE 178301 on Open Data evaluates the maturity of open data created or held by the public sector so that its reuse is provided in the field of Smart Cities.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">- UNE 178303 establishes the requirements for proper management of municipal assets.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">- UNE-ISO 37120 which collects the international urban sustainability indicators.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">- Following the publication of these standards, 12 other draft standards on Smart Cities have just been made public, most of them corresponding to public services such as water, electricity and telecommunications, and multiservice city networks. <a href="#_ftn34" name="_ftnref34"><sup><sup>[34]</sup></sup></a></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">8. <span>China</span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">● Background:</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">Several national standardization committees and consortia have started</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">standardization work on Smart Cities, including:</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">- China National IT Standardization TC (NITS),</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">- China National CT Standardization TC,</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">- China National Intelligent Transportation System Standardization TC,</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">- China National TC on Digital Technique of Intelligent Building and Residence Community of Standardization Administration, China Strategic Alliance of Smart City Industrial Technology Innovation<a href="#_ftn35" name="_ftnref35"><sup><sup>[35]</sup></sup></a></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">● Objective:</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">- In the year 2014, all the ministries involved in building smart cities in China joined with the Standardization Administration of China to create working groups whose job is to manage and standardize smart city development, though their activities have not been publicized. <a href="#_ftn36" name="_ftnref36"><sup><sup>[36]</sup></sup></a></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">● Status:</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">- China will continue to promote international standards in building smart cities and improve the competitiveness of its related industries in global market.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">- Also, China's Standardization Administration has joined hands with National Development and Reform Commission, Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development and Ministry of Industry and Information Technology in establishing and implementing standards for smart cities.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">- When building smart cities, the country will adhere to the ISO 37120 and by the year 2020, China will establish 50 national standards on smart cities. <a href="#_ftn37" name="_ftnref37"><sup><sup>[37]</sup></sup></a></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">9. <span>Germany</span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">● Background :</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">- Member of European Innovation Partnership (EIP) for Smart Cities and Communities DKE (German Commission for Electrical, Electronic & Information Technologies) and DIN (GermanInstitute for Standardization) have developed a joint roadmap and Smart Cities recommendations for action in Germany.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">● Objective:</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">- Its purpose is to highlight the need for standards and to serve as a strategic template for national and international standardization work in the field of smart city technology.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">- The Standardization Roadmap highlights the main activities required to create smart cities. <a href="#_ftn38" name="_ftnref38"><sup><sup>[38]</sup></sup></a></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">● Status:</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">- An updated version of the standardization roadmap was released in the year 2015. <a href="#_ftn39" name="_ftnref39"><sup><sup>[39]</sup></sup></a></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">10. <span>Poland</span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">● Background:</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">- A coordination group on Smart and Sustainable Cities and Communities (SSCC) was set up in the beginning of 2014 to monitor any national standardization activities.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">● Objective:</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">- It was decided to put forward a proposal to form a group at the Polish Committee for Standardization (PKN) providing recommendations for smart sustainable city standardization in Poland.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">● Status:</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">It has two thematic groups:</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">- GT 1-2 on terminology and Technical Bodies in PKN Its scope covers a collection of English terms and their Polish equivalents related to smart and sustainable development of cities and communities to allow better communication among various smart city stakeholders. This includes the preparation of the list of Technical Bodies (OT) in PKN involved in standardization activities related to specific aspects of smart and sustainable local development and making proposals concerning the allocation of standardization works to the relevant OT in PKN.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">- GT 3 for gathering information and the development and implementation of a work programme Its scope includes identifying stakeholders in Poland, and gathering information on any national "smart city" initiatives having an impact on environment-friendly development, sustainability, and liveability of a city. The group is also tasked with developing a work programme for GZ 1 based on identified priorities for Poland. Finally, its aim is to conduct communication and dissemination of activities to make the results of GZ 1 visible. <a href="#_ftn40" name="_ftnref40"><sup><sup>[40]</sup></sup></a></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">11. <span>Europe</span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">● Background:</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">- In 2012, the European standardization organizations CEN and CENELEC founded the Smart and Sustainable Cities and Communities Coordination Group (SSCC-CG), which is a Coordination Group established to coordinate standardization activities and foster collaboration around standardization work. <a href="#_ftn41" name="_ftnref41"><sup><sup>[41]</sup></sup></a></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">● Objective:</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">- The aim of the CEN-CENELEC-ETSI (SSCC-CG) is to coordinate and promote European standardization activities relating to Smart Cities and to advise the CEN and CENELEC (Technical) and ETSI Boards on standardization activities in the field of Smart and Sustainable Cities and Communities.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">- The scope of the SSCC-CG is to advise on European interests and needs relating to standardization on Smart and Sustainable cities and communities.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">● Status:</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">- Originally conceived to be completed by the end of 2014, SSCC-CG's mandate has been extended by the European standards organizations CEN, CENELEC and ETSI by a further two years and will run until the end of 2016.<a href="#_ftn42" name="_ftnref42"><sup><sup>[42]</sup></sup></a></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">- The SSCC-CG does not develop standards, but reports directly to the management boards of the standardization organizations and plays an advisory role. Current members of the SSCC.CG include representatives of the relevant technical committees, the CEN/CENELEC secretariat, the European Commission, the European associations and the national standardization organizations.<a href="#_ftn43" name="_ftnref43"><sup><sup>[43]</sup></sup></a></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">- CEN/CENELEC/ETSI Joint Working Group on Standards for Smart Grids: The aim of this document is to provide a strategic report which outlines the standardization requirements for implementing the European vision of smart grids, especially taking into account the initiatives by the Smart Grids Task Force of the European Commission. It provides an overview of standards, current activities, fields of action, international cooperation and strategic recommendations<a href="#_ftn44" name="_ftnref44"><sup><sup>[44]</sup></sup></a></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">12. <span>Singapore</span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">● Background:</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">- In the year 2015, SPRING Singapore, the Infocomm Development Authority of Singapore (IDA) and the Information Technology Standards Committee (ITSC), under the purview of the Singapore Standards Council (SSC), have laid out an Internet of Things (IoT) Standards Outline in support of Singapore's Smart Nation initiative.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">● Objective:</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">- Realising importance of standards in laying the foundation for the nation empowered by big data, analytics technology and sensor networks in light of Singapore's vision of becoming a Smart Nation.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">● Status:</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">Three types of standards - sensor network standards, IoT foundational standards and domain-specific standards - have been identified under the IoT Standards Outline. Singapore actively participates in the ISO Technical Committee (TC) working on smart city standards.<a href="#_ftn45" name="_ftnref45"><sup><sup>[45]</sup></sup></a></p>
<div style="text-align: justify; ">
<hr />
<div id="ftn1">
<p><a href="#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1"><sup><sup>[1]</sup></sup></a> ISO/IEC JTC 1, Information Technology, http://www.iso.org/iso/jtc1_home.html</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn2">
<p><a href="#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2"><sup><sup>[2]</sup></sup></a> The InterNational Committee for Information Technology Standards, JTC 1 Working Group on Big Data, http://www.incits.org/committees/big-data</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn3">
<p><a name="h.h17u2luhqusv"></a> <a href="#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3"><sup><sup>[3]</sup></sup></a> ISO/IEC JTC 1 Forms Two Working Groups on Big Data and Internet of Things, 27th January 2015, https://www.ansi.org/news_publications/news_story.aspx?menuid=7&articleid=5b101d27-47b5-4540-bca3-657314402591</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn4">
<p><a href="#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4"><sup><sup>[4]</sup></sup></a> JTC 1 November 2014 Resolution 28 - Establishment of a Working Group on Big Data, and Call for Participation, 20th January 2015, http://jtc1sc32.org/doc/N2601-2650/32N2625-J1N12445_JTC1_Big_Data-call_for_participation.pdf</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn5">
<p><a href="#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5"><sup><sup>[5]</sup></sup></a> SD-3: Study Group Organizational Information, https://isocpp.org/std/standing-documents/sd-3-study-group-organizational-information</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn6">
<p><a href="#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6"><sup><sup>[6]</sup></sup></a> ISO/IEC JTC 1 Study Group on Big Data (BD-SG), http://jtc1bigdatasg.nist.gov/home.php</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn7">
<p><a href="#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7"><sup><sup>[7]</sup></sup></a> NIST Released V1.0 Seven Volumes of Big Data Interoperability Framework (September 16, 2015),http://bigdatawg.nist.gov/home.php</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn8">
<p><a href="#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8"><sup><sup>[8]</sup></sup></a> Standards That Support Big Data, Monica Rozenfeld, 8th September 2014, http://theinstitute.ieee.org/benefits/standards/standards-that-support-big-data</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn9">
<p><a href="#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9"><sup><sup>[9]</sup></sup></a> ITU releases first ever big data standards, Madolyn Smith, 21st December 2015, http://datadrivenjournalism.net/news_and_analysis/itu_releases_first_ever_big_data_standards#sthash.m3FBt63D.dpuf</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn10">
<p><a href="#_ftnref10" name="_ftn10"><sup><sup>[10]</sup></sup></a> ITU-T Y.3600 (11/2015) Big data - Cloud computing based requirements and capabilities, http://www.itu.int/itu-t/recommendations/rec.aspx?rec=12584</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn11">
<p><a href="#_ftnref11" name="_ftn11"><sup><sup>[11]</sup></sup></a> ISO Strategic Advisory Group on Smart Cities - Demand-side survey, March 2015, http://www.platform31.nl/uploads/media_item/media_item/41/62/Toelichting_ISO_Smart_cities_Survey-1429540845.pdf</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn12">
<p><a href="#_ftnref12" name="_ftn12"><sup><sup>[12]</sup></sup></a> The German Standardization Roadmap Smart City Version 1.1, May 2015, https://www.vde.com/en/dke/std/documents/nr_smartcity_en_v1.1.pdf</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn13">
<p><a href="#_ftnref13" name="_ftn13"><sup><sup>[13]</sup></sup></a> ISO/TR 37150:2014 Smart community infrastructures -- Review of existing activities relevant to metrics, http://www.iso.org/iso/catalogue_detail?csnumber=62564</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn14">
<p><a name="h.vnj2x6i94wax"></a> <a href="#_ftnref14" name="_ftn14"><sup><sup>[14]</sup></sup></a> Dissecting ISO 37120: Why this new smart city standard is good news for cities, 30th July 2014, http://smartcitiescouncil.com/article/dissecting-iso-37120-why-new-smart-city-standard-good-news-cities</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn15">
<p><a href="#_ftnref15" name="_ftn15"><sup><sup>[15]</sup></sup></a> World Council for City Data, http://www.dataforcities.org/wccd/</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn16">
<p><a href="#_ftnref16" name="_ftn16"><sup><sup>[16]</sup></sup></a> Global City Indicators Facility, http://www.cityindicators.org/</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn17">
<p><a href="#_ftnref17" name="_ftn17"><sup><sup>[17]</sup></sup></a> How to measure the performance of smart cities, Maria Lazarte, 5th October 2015</p>
<p>http://www.iso.org/iso/home/news_index/news_archive/news.htm?refid=Ref2001</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn18">
<p><a href="#_ftnref18" name="_ftn18"><sup><sup>[18]</sup></sup></a> http://iet.jrc.ec.europa.eu/energyefficiency/sites/energyefficiency/files/files/documents/events/slideslairoctober2014.pdf</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn19">
<p><a href="#_ftnref19" name="_ftn19"><sup><sup>[19]</sup></sup></a> A standard for improving communities reaches final stage, Clare Naden, 12th February 2015,</p>
<p>http://www.iso.org/iso/news.htm?refid=Ref1932</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn20">
<p><a href="#_ftnref20" name="_ftn20"><sup><sup>[20]</sup></sup></a> http://iet.jrc.ec.europa.eu/energyefficiency/sites/energyefficiency/files/files/documents/events/slideslairoctober2014.pdf</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn21">
<p><a href="#_ftnref21" name="_ftn21"><sup><sup>[21]</sup></sup></a> ISO/TR 12859:2009 Intelligent transport systems -- System architecture -- Privacy aspects in ITS standards and systems, http://www.iso.org/iso/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=52052</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn22">
<p><a href="#_ftnref22" name="_ftn22"><sup><sup>[22]</sup></sup></a> ISO/IEC JTC 1 Information technology, WG 11 Smart Cities, http://www.iec.ch/dyn/www/f?p=103:14:0::::FSP_ORG_ID,FSP_LANG_ID:12973,25</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn23">
<p><a href="#_ftnref23" name="_ftn23"><sup><sup>[23]</sup></sup></a> Work of ISO/IEC JTC1 Smart Ci4es Study group , https://interact.innovateuk.org/documents/3158891/17680585/2+JTC1+Smart+Cities+Group/e639c7f6-4354-4184-99bf-31abc87b5760</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn24">
<p><a href="#_ftnref24" name="_ftn24"><sup><sup>[24]</sup></sup></a> JTC1 SAC - Meeting 13 , February 2015, http://www.finance.gov.au/blog/2015/08/05/jtc1-sac-meeting-13-february-2015/</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn25">
<p><a href="#_ftnref25" name="_ftn25"><sup><sup>[25]</sup></sup></a> The German Standardization Roadmap Smart City Version 1.1, May 2015, https://www.vde.com/en/dke/std/documents/nr_smartcity_en_v1.1.pdf</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn26">
<p><a href="#_ftnref26" name="_ftn26"><sup><sup>[26]</sup></sup></a> The German Standardization Roadmap Smart City Version 1.1, May 2015, https://www.vde.com/en/dke/std/documents/nr_smartcity_en_v1.1.pdf</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn27">
<p><a href="#_ftnref27" name="_ftn27"><sup><sup>[27]</sup></sup></a> ITU standards to integrate Internet of Things in Smart Cities, 10th June 2015, https://www.itu.int/net/pressoffice/press_releases/2015/22.aspx</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn28">
<p><a href="#_ftnref28" name="_ftn28"><sup><sup>[28]</sup></sup></a> ITU-T Focus Group Smart Sustainable Cities, https://www.itu.int/dms_pub/itu-t/oth/0b/04/T0B0400004F2C01PDFE.pdf</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn29">
<p><a href="#_ftnref29" name="_ftn29"><sup><sup>[29]</sup></sup></a> Focus Group on Smart Sustainable Cities, http://www.itu.int/en/ITU-T/focusgroups/ssc/Pages/default.aspx</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn30">
<p><a href="#_ftnref30" name="_ftn30"><sup><sup>[30]</sup></sup></a> The German Standardization Roadmap Smart City Version 1.1, May 2015, https://www.vde.com/en/dke/std/documents/nr_smartcity_en_v1.1.pdf</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn31">
<p><a href="#_ftnref31" name="_ftn31"><sup><sup>[31]</sup></sup></a> 7001 - PRIPARE Smart City Strategy, https://eu-smartcities.eu/commitment/7001</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn32">
<p><a href="#_ftnref32" name="_ftn32"><sup><sup>[32]</sup></sup></a> Financing Tomorrow's Cities: How Standards Can Support the Development of Smart Cities, http://www.longfinance.net/groups7/viewdiscussion/72-financing-financing-tomorrow-s-cities-how-standards-can-support-the-development-of-smart-cities.html?groupid=3</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn33">
<p><a href="#_ftnref33" name="_ftn33"><sup><sup>[33]</sup></sup></a> BSI-Smart Cities, http://www.bsigroup.com/en-GB/smart-cities/</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn34">
<p><a href="#_ftnref34" name="_ftn34"><sup><sup>[34]</sup></sup></a> New Set of Smart Cities Standards in Spain, https://eu-smartcities.eu/content/new-set-smart-cities-standards-spain</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn35">
<p><a href="#_ftnref35" name="_ftn35"><sup><sup>[35]</sup></sup></a> Technical Report, M2M & ICT Enablement in Smart Cities, Telecommunication Engineering Centre, Department of Telecommunications, Ministry of Communications and Information Technology, Government of India, November 2015, http://tec.gov.in/pdf/M2M/ICT%20deployment%20and%20strategies%20for%20%20Smart%20Cities.pdf</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn36">
<p><a href="#_ftnref36" name="_ftn36"><sup><sup>[36]</sup></sup></a> Smart City Development in China, Don Johnson, 17th June 2014, http://www.chinabusinessreview.com/smart-city-development-in-china/</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn37">
<p><a href="#_ftnref37" name="_ftn37"><sup><sup>[37]</sup></sup></a> China to continue develop standards on smart cities, 17th December 2015, http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2015wic/2015-12/17/content_22732897.htm</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn38">
<p><a href="#_ftnref38" name="_ftn38"><sup><sup>[38]</sup></sup></a> The German Standardization Roadmap Smart City, April 2014, https://www.dke.de/de/std/documents/nr_smart%20city_en_version%201.0.pdf</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn39">
<p><a href="#_ftnref39" name="_ftn39"><sup><sup>[39]</sup></sup></a> This version of the Smart City Standardization Roadmap, Version 1.1, is an incremental revision of Version 1.0. In Version 1.1, a special focus is placed on giving an overview of current standardization activities and interim results, thus illustrating German ambitions in this area.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn40">
<p><a href="#_ftnref40" name="_ftn40"><sup><sup>[40]</sup></sup></a> SSCC-CG Final report Smart and Sustainable Cities and Communities Coordination Group, January 2015, https://www.etsi.org/images/files/SSCC-CG_Final_Report-recommendations_Jan_2015.pdf</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn41">
<p><a href="#_ftnref41" name="_ftn41"><sup><sup>[41]</sup></sup></a> Orchestrating infrastructure for sustainable Smart Cities , http://www.iec.ch/whitepaper/pdf/iecWP-smartcities-LR-en.pdf</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn42">
<p><a href="#_ftnref42" name="_ftn42"><sup><sup>[42]</sup></sup></a> Urbanization- Why do we need standardization?, http://www.din.de/en/innovation-and-research/smart-cities-en</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn43">
<p><a href="#_ftnref43" name="_ftn43"><sup><sup>[43]</sup></sup></a> CEN-CENELEC-ETSI Coordination Group 'Smart and Sustainable Cities and Communities' (SSCC-CG), http://www.cencenelec.eu/standards/Sectors/SmartLiving/smartcities/Pages/SSCC-CG.aspx</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn44">
<p><a href="#_ftnref44" name="_ftn44"><sup><sup>[44]</sup></sup></a> Final report of the CEN/CENELEC/ETSI Joint Working Group on Standards for Smart Grids, https://www.etsi.org/WebSite/document/Report_CENCLCETSI_Standards_Smart%20Grids.pdf</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn45">
<h2><a name="h.xljjnb2jp8mo"></a> <a href="#_ftnref45" name="_ftn45"><sup><sup>[45]</sup></sup></a> SPRING Singapore Supported Close to 600 Companies in Standards Adoption, and Service Excellence Projects , 12th August 2015, http://www.spring.gov.sg/NewsEvents/PR/Pages/Internet-of-Things-(IoT)-Standards-Outline-to-Support-Smart-Nation-Initiative-Unveiled-20150812.aspx</h2>
</div>
</div>
<p>
For more details visit <a href='http://editors.cis-india.org/internet-governance/blog/database-on-big-data-and-smart-cities-international-standards'>http://editors.cis-india.org/internet-governance/blog/database-on-big-data-and-smart-cities-international-standards</a>
</p>
No publishervanyaInternet GovernanceBig Data2016-02-11T15:49:45ZBlog EntryData Infrastructures and Inequities: Why Does Reproductive Health Surveillance in India Need Our Urgent Attention?
http://editors.cis-india.org/internet-governance/blog/data-infrastructures-inequities-reproductive-health-surveillance-india
<b>In order to bring out certain conceptual and procedural problems with health monitoring in the Indian context, this article by Aayush Rathi and Ambika Tandon posits health monitoring as surveillance and not merely as a “data problem.” Casting a critical feminist lens, the historicity of surveillance practices unveils the gendered power differentials wedded into taken-for-granted “benign” monitoring processes. The unpacking of the Mother and Child Tracking System and the National Health Stack reveals the neo-liberal aspirations of the Indian state. </b>
<p> </p>
<p><em>The article was first published by <a href="https://www.epw.in/engage/article/data-infrastructures-inequities-why-does-reproductive-health-surveillance-india-need-urgent-attention" target="_blank">EPW Engage, Vol. 54, Issue No. 6</a>, on 9 February 2019.</em></p>
<hr />
<h3><strong>Framing Reproductive Health as a Surveillance Question</strong></h3>
<p>The approach of the postcolonial Indian state to healthcare has been Malthusian, with the prioritisation of family planning and birth control (Hodges 2004). Supported by the notion of socio-economic development arising out of a “modernisation” paradigm, the target-based approach to achieving reduced fertility rates has shaped India’s reproductive and child health (RCH) programme (Simon-Kumar 2006).</p>
<p>This is also the context in which India’s abortion law, the Medical Termination of Pregnancy (MTP) Act, was framed in 1971, placing the decisional privacy of women seeking abortions in the hands of registered medical practitioners. The framing of the MTP act invisibilises females seeking abortions for non-medical reasons within the legal framework. The exclusionary provisions only exacerbated existing gaps in health provisioning, as access to safe and legal abortions had already been curtailed by severe geographic inequalities in funding, infrastructure, and human resources. The state has concomitantly been unable to meet contraceptive needs of married couples or reduce maternal and infant mortality rates in large parts of the country, mediating access along the lines of class, social status, education, and age (Sanneving et al 2013).</p>
<p>While the official narrative around the RCH programme transitioned to focus on universal access to healthcare in the 1990s, the target-based approach continues to shape the reality on the ground. The provision of reproductive healthcare has been deeply unequal and, in some cases, in hospitals. These targets have been known to be met through the practice of forced, and often unsafe, sterilisation, in conditions of absence of adequate provisions or trained professionals, pre-sterilisation counselling, or alternative forms of contraception (Sama and PLD 2018). Further, patients have regularly been provided cash incentives, foreclosing the notion of free consent, especially given that the target population of these camps has been women from marginalised economic classes in rural India.</p>
<p>Placing surveillance studies within a feminist praxis allows us to frame the reproductive health landscape as more than just an ill-conceived, benign monitoring structure. The critical lens becomes useful for highlighting that taken-for-granted structures of monitoring are wedded with power differentials: genetic screening in fertility clinics, identification documents such as birth certificates, and full-body screeners are just some of the manifestations of this (Adrejevic 2015). Emerging conversations around feminist surveillance studies highlight that these data systems are neither benign nor free of gendered implications (Andrejevic 2015). In continual remaking of the social, corporeal body as a data actor in society, such practices render some bodies normative and obfuscate others, based on categorisations put in place by the surveiller.</p>
<p>In fact, the history of surveillance can be traced back to the colonial state where it took the form of systematic sexual and gendered violence enacted upon indigenous populations in order to render them compliant (Rifkin 2011; Morgensen 2011). Surveillance, then, manifests as a “scientific” rationalisation of complex social hieroglyphs (such as reproductive health) into formats enabling administrative interventions by the modern state. Lyon (2001) has also emphasised how the body emerged as the site of surveillance in order for the disciplining of the “irrational, sensual body”—essential to the functioning of the modern nation-state—to effectively happen.</p>
<h3><strong>Questioning the Information and Communications Technology for Development (ICT4D) and Big Data for Development (BD4D) Rhetoric</strong></h3>
<p>Information and Communications Technology (ICT) and data-driven approaches to the development of a robust health information system, and by extension, welfare, have been offered as solutions to these inequities and exclusions in access to maternal and reproductive healthcare in the country.</p>
<p>The move towards data-driven development in the country commenced with the introduction of the Health Management Information System in Andhra Pradesh in 2008, and the Mother and Child Tracking System (MCTS) nationally in 2011. These are reproductive health information systems (HIS) that collect granular data about each pregnancy from the antenatal to the post-natal period, at the level of each sub-centre as well as primary and community health centre. The introduction of HIS comprised cross-sectoral digitisation measures that were a part of the larger national push towards e-governance; along with health, thirty other distinct areas of governance, from land records to banking to employment, were identified for this move towards the digitalised provisioning of services (MeitY 2015).</p>
<p>The HIS have been seen as playing a critical role in the ecosystem of health service provision globally. HIS-based interventions in reproductive health programming have been envisioned as a means of: (i) improving access to services in the context of a healthcare system ridden with inequalities; (ii) improving the quality of services provided, and (iii) producing better quality data to facilitate the objectives of India’s RCH programme, including family planning and population control. Accordingly, starting 2018, the MCTS is being replaced by the RCH portal in a phased manner. The RCH portal, in areas where the ANMOL (ANM Online) application has been introduced, captures data real-time through tablets provided to health workers (MoHFW 2015).</p>
<p>A proposal to mandatorily link the Aadhaar with data on pregnancies and abortions through the MCTS/RCH has been made by the union minister for Women and Child Development as a deterrent to gender-biased sex selection (Tembhekar 2016). The proposal stems from the prohibition of gender-biased sex selection provided under the Pre-Conception and Pre-Natal Diagnostics Techniques (PCPNDT) Act, 1994. The approach taken so far under the PCPNDT Act, 2014 has been to regulate the use of technologies involved in sex determination. However, the steady decline in the national sex ratio since the passage of the PCPNDT Act provides a clear indication that the regulation of such technology has been largely ineffective. A national policy linking Aadhaar with abortions would be aimed at discouraging gender-biased sex selection through state surveillance, in direct violation of a female’s right to decisional privacy with regards to their own body.</p>
<p>Linking Aadhaar would also be used as a mechanism to enable direct benefit transfer (DBT) to the beneficiaries of the national maternal benefits scheme. Linking reproductive health services to the Aadhaar ecosystem has been critiqued because it is exclusionary towards women with legitimate claims towards abortions and other reproductive services and benefits, and it heightens the risk of data breaches in a cultural fabric that already stigmatises abortions. The bodies on which this stigma is disproportionately placed, unmarried or disabled females, for instance, experience the harms of visibility through centralised surveillance mechanisms more acutely than others by being penalised for their deviance from cultural expectations. This is in accordance with the theory of "data extremes,” wherein marginalised communities are seen as living on the extremes of data capture, leading to a data regime that either refuses to recognise them as legitimate entities or subjects them to overpolicing in order to discipline deviance (Arora 2016). In both developed and developing contexts, the broader purpose of identity management has largely been to demarcate legitimate and illegitimate actors within a population, either within the framework of security or welfare.</p>
<h3><strong>Potential Harms of the Data Model of Reproductive Health Provisioning</strong></h3>
<p>Informational privacy and decisional privacy are critically shaped by data flows and security within the MCTS/RCH. No standards for data sharing and storage, or anonymisation and encryption of data have been implemented despite role-based authentication (NHSRC and Taurus Glocal 2011). The risks of this architectural design are further amplified in the context of the RCH/ANMOL where data is captured real-time. In the absence of adequate safeguards against data leaks, real-time data capture risks the publicising of reproductive health choices in an already stigmatised environment. This opens up avenues for further dilution of autonomy in making future reproductive health choices.</p>
<p>Several core principles of informational privacy, such as limitations regarding data collection and usage, or informed consent, also need to be reworked within this context.<sup>[1]</sup> For instance, the centrality of the requirement of “free, informed consent” by an individual would need to be replaced by other models, especially in the context of reproductive health of rape survivors who are vulnerable and therefore unable to exercise full agency. The ability to make a free and informed choice, already dismantled in the context of contemporary data regimes, gets further precluded in such contexts. The constraints on privacy in decisions regarding the body are then replicated in the domain of reproductive data collection.</p>
<p>What is uniform across these digitisation initiatives is their treatment of maternal and reproductive health as solely a medical event, framed as a data scarcity problem. In doing so, they tend to amplify the understanding of reproductive health through measurable indicators that ignore social determinants of health. For instance, several studies conducted in the rural Indian context have shown that the degree of women’s autonomy influences the degree of usage of pregnancy care, and that the uptake of pregnancy care was associated with village-level indicators such as economic development, provisioning of basic infrastructure and social cohesion. These contextual factors get overridden in pervasive surveillance systems that treat reproductive healthcare as comprising only of measurable indicators and behaviours, that are dependent on individual behaviour of practitioners and women themselves, rather than structural gaps within the system.</p>
<p>While traditionally associated with state governance, the contemporary surveillance regime is experienced as distinct from its earlier forms due to its reliance on a nexus between surveillance by the state and private institutions and actors, with both legal frameworks and material apparatuses for data collection and sharing (Shepherd 2017). As with historical forms of surveillance, the harms of contemporary data regimes accrue disproportionately among already marginalised and dissenting communities and individuals. Data-driven surveillance has been critiqued for its excesses in multiple contexts globally, including in the domains of predictive policing, health management, and targeted advertising (Mason 2015). In the attempts to achieve these objectives, surveillance systems have been criticised for their reliance on replicating past patterns, reifying proximity to a hetero-patriarchal norm (Haggerty and Ericson 2000). Under data-driven surveillance systems, this proximity informs the preexisting boxes of identity for which algorithmic representations of the individual are formed. The boxes are defined contingent on the distinct objectives of the particular surveillance project, collating disparate pieces of data flows and resulting in the recasting of the singular offline self into various 'data doubles' (Haggerty and Ericson 2000). Refractive, rather than reflective, the data doubles have implications for the physical, embodied life of individual with an increasing number of service provisioning relying on the data doubles (Lyon 2001). Consider, for instance, apps on menstruation, fertility, and health, and wearables such as fitness trackers and pacers, that support corporate agendas around what a woman’s healthy body should look, be or behave like (Lupton 2014). Once viewed through the lens of power relations, the fetishised, apolitical notion of the data “revolution” gives way to what we may better understand as “dataveillance.”</p>
<h3><strong>Towards a Networked State and a Neo-liberal Citizen</strong></h3>
<p>Following in this tradition of ICT being treated as the solution to problems plaguing India’s public health information system, a larger, all-pervasive healthcare ecosystem is now being proposed by the Indian state (NITI Aayog 2018). Termed the National Health Stack, it seeks to create a centralised electronic repository of health records of Indian citizens with the aim of capturing every instance of healthcare service usage. Among other functions, it also envisions a platform for the provisioning of health and wellness-based services that may be dispensed by public or private actors in an attempt to achieve universal health coverage. By allowing private parties to utilise the data collected through pullable open application program interfaces (APIs), it also fits within the larger framework of the National Health Policy 2017 that envisions the private sector playing a significant role in the provision of healthcare in India. It also then fits within the state–private sector nexus that characterises dataveillance. This, in turn, follows broader trends towards market-driven solutions and private financing of health sector reform measures that have already had profound consequences on the political economy of healthcare worldwide (Joe et al 2018).</p>
<p>These initiatives are, in many ways, emblematic of the growing adoption of network governance reform by the Indian state (Newman 2001). This is a stark shift from its traditional posturing as the hegemonic sovereign nation state. This shift entails the delayering from large, hierarchical and unitary government systems to horizontally arranged, more flexible, relatively dispersed systems.<sup>[2]</sup> The former govern through the power of rules and law, while the latter take the shape of self-regulating networks such as public–private contractual arrangements (Snellen 2005). ICTs have been posited as an effective tool in enabling the transition to network governance by enhancing local governance and interactive policymaking enabling the co-production of knowledge (Ferlie et al 2011). The development of these capabilities is also critical to addressing “wicked problems” such as healthcare (Rittel and Webber 1973).<sup>[3]</sup> The application of the techno-deterministic, data-driven model to reproductive healthcare provision, then, resembles a fetishised approach to technological change. The NHSRC describes this as the collection of data without an objective, leading to a disproportional burden on data collection over use (NHSRC and Taurus Glocal 2011).</p>
<p>The blurring of the functions of state and private actors is reflective of the neo-liberal ethic, which produces new practices of governmentality. Within the neo-liberal framework of reproductive healthcare, the citizen is constructed as an individual actor, with agency over and responsibility for their own health and well-being (Maturo et al 2016).</p>
<h3><strong>“Quantified Self” of the Neo-liberal Citizen</strong></h3>
<p>Nowhere can the manifestation of this neo-liberal citizen can be seen as clearly as in the “quantified self” movement. The quantified self movement refers to the emergence of a whole range of apps that enable the user to track bodily functions and record data to achieve wellness and health goals, including menstruation, fertility, pregnancies, and health indicators in the mother and baby. Lupton (2015) labels this as the emergence of the “digitised reproductive citizen,” who is expected to be attentive to her fertility and sexual behaviour to achieve better reproductive health goals. The practice of collecting data around reproductive health is not new to the individual or the state, as has been demonstrated by the discussion above. What is new in this regime of datafication under the self-tracking movement is the monetisation of reproductive health data by private actors, the labour for which is performed by the user. Focusing on embodiment draws attention to different kinds of exploitation engendered by reproductive health apps. Not only is data about the body collected and sold, the unpaid labour for collection is extracted from the user. The reproductive body can then be understood as a cyborg, or a woman-machine hybrid, systematically digitising its bodily functions for profit-making within the capitalist (re)production machine (Fotoloulou 2016). Accordingly, all major reproductive health tracking apps have a business model that relies on selling information about users for direct marketing of products around reproductive health and well-being (Felizi and Varon nd).</p>
<p>As has been pointed out in the case of big data more broadly, reproductive health applications (apps) facilitate the visibility of the female reproductive body in the public domain. Supplying anonymised data sets to medical researchers and universities fills some of the historical gaps in research around the female body and reproductive health. Reproductive and sexual health tracking apps globally provide their users a platform to engage with biomedical information around sexual and reproductive health. Through group chats on the platform, they are also able to engage with experiential knowledge of sexual and reproductive health. This could also help form transnational networks of solidarity around the body and health (Fotopoulou 2016).</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">This radical potential of network-building around reproductive and sexual health is, however, tempered to a large extent by the reconfiguration of gendered stereotypes through these apps. In a study on reproductive health apps on Google Play Store, Lupton (2014) finds that products targeted towards female users are marketed through the discourse of risk and vulnerability, while those targeted towards male users are framed within that of virility. Apart from reiterating gendered stereotypes around the male and female body, such a discourse assumes that the entire labour of family planning is performed by females. This same is the case with the MCTS/RCH.</p>
<p>Technological interventions such as reproductive health apps as well as HIS are based on the assumption that females have perfect control over decisions regarding their own bodies and reproductive health, despite this being disproved in India. The Guttmacher Institute (2014) has found that 60% of women in India report not having control over decisions regarding their own healthcare. The failure to account for the husband or the family as stakeholder in decision-making around reproductive health has been a historical failure of the family planning programme in India, and is now being replicated in other modalities. This notion of an autonomous citizen who is able to take responsibility of their own reproductive health and well-being does not hold true in the Indian context. It can even be seen as marginalising females who have already been excluded from the reproductive health system, as they are held responsible for their own inability to access healthcare.</p>
<h3><strong>Concluding Remarks</strong></h3>
<p>The interplay that emerges between reproductive health surveillance and data infrastructures is a complex one. It requires the careful positioning of the political nature of data collection and processing as well as its hetero-patriarchal and colonial legacies, within the need for effective utilisation of data for achieving developmental goals. Assessing this discourse through a feminist lens identifies the web of power relations in data regimes. This problematises narratives of technological solutions for welfare provision.</p>
<p>The reproductive healthcare framework in India then offers up a useful case study to assess these concerns. The growing adoption of ICT-based surveillance tools to equalise access to healthcare needs to be understood in the socio-economic, legal, and cultural context where these tools are being implemented. Increased surveillance has historically been associated with causing the structural gendered violence that it is now being offered as a solution to. This is a function of normative standards being constructed for reproductive behaviour that necessarily leave out broader definitions of reproductive health and welfare when viewed through a feminist lens. Within the larger context of health policymaking in India, moves towards privatisation then demonstrate the peculiarity of dataveillance as it functions through an unaccountable and pervasive overlapping of state and private surveillance practises. It remains to be seen how these trends in ICT-driven health policies affect access to reproductive rights and decisional privacy for millions of females in India and other parts of the global South.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>
For more details visit <a href='http://editors.cis-india.org/internet-governance/blog/data-infrastructures-inequities-reproductive-health-surveillance-india'>http://editors.cis-india.org/internet-governance/blog/data-infrastructures-inequities-reproductive-health-surveillance-india</a>
</p>
No publisherAayush Rathi and Ambika TandonBig DataData SystemsPrivacyResearchers at WorkInternet GovernanceResearchBD4DHealthcareSurveillanceBig Data for Development2019-12-30T16:44:32ZBlog EntryCurating Genderlog India's Twitter handle
http://editors.cis-india.org/internet-governance/news/curating-genderlog-indias-twitter-handle
<b>Shweta Mohandas has been nominated to curate Genderlog's Twitter handle (@genderlogindia).</b>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">Shweta Mohandas <span>will be tweeting about topics related to gender and data, more specifically around AI, big data, privacy and surveillance. To view the tweets, <a class="external-link" href="https://twitter.com/genderlogindia/status/1127892055231873024">click here</a></span></p>
<p>
For more details visit <a href='http://editors.cis-india.org/internet-governance/news/curating-genderlog-indias-twitter-handle'>http://editors.cis-india.org/internet-governance/news/curating-genderlog-indias-twitter-handle</a>
</p>
No publisherAdminInternet GovernanceBig DataArtificial IntelligencePrivacy2019-05-14T14:40:08ZNews ItemCPRsouth 2016 – Young Scholars Programme
http://editors.cis-india.org/internet-governance/news/cprsouth-2016-2013-young-scholars-programme
<b>Rohini Lakshané, Amber Sinha and Vidushi Marda have been selected to attend the two-day Young Scholars' Programme to be held in Zanzibar, Tanzania in early September this year. The programme is a part of the CPRSouth conference.</b>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">Read the original announcement published by CPRSouth <a class="external-link" href="http://www.cprsouth.org/cprsouth-2016-young-scholars-programme/">here</a>.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">Following highly successful joint Afro-Asian CPR conferences in Mauritius in 2012, and India in 2013, CPRafrica and CPRsouth formally merged under the banner of CPRsouth in 2014. Since then, CPRsouth has hosted conferences in the Cradle of Humankind in South Africa (2014), and at the Innovation Center for Big Data and Digital Convergence at Yuan Ze University, Taiwan (2015).</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">This year’s conference is co-hosted by<em> COSTECH </em>and<em> TCRA </em>in Zanzibar, and will include sessions on cutting-edge developments on ICT policy and regulation in the South and discussion of the research-policy interface.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">30 Young Scholars from Africa and the Asia-Pacific region will be selected to participate in a tutorial programme taught by recognised scholars and practitioners from Africa and Asia, and they will attend the main conference thereafter.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; "><strong>Tutorials are scheduled to be held on the 6<sup>th</sup> and 7<sup>th</sup> of September 2016, prior to the main CPR<em>south</em> conference.</strong></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; "><strong> Who will qualify?</strong></p>
<ul style="text-align: justify; ">
<li>Masters/PhD students in Economics, Public policy, Communications and Journalism</li>
<li>Officers of government/regulatory agencies undertaking ICT policy research, developing/gathering indicators (monitoring and evaluation)</li>
<li>Staff of private companies in the communication industries working in regulatory affairs</li>
<li>Officers in NGOs/INGOs working in policy and regulation</li>
<li>Researchers from think tanks, university research centres</li>
<li>Journalists covering communication public policy and regulation</li>
</ul>
<p style="text-align: justify; "><strong>Seminar</strong></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">The seminar will cover a number of topics of the two days, such as:</p>
<ul style="text-align: justify; ">
<li>policy analysis using supply-side or demand-side data;</li>
<li>ICT impact analysis;</li>
<li>convergence, net neutrality;</li>
<li>funding broadband network extension, open access networks, spectrum;</li>
<li>sector and competition regulation;</li>
<li>research to policy interventions;</li>
<li>Internet governance – privacy, surveillance, human rights online; and</li>
<li>introduction to big data, open data.</li>
</ul>
<p style="text-align: justify; "><em>(2016 tutorial programme still to be confirmed)</em></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">Previous tutorial presentations can be accessed at <a href="http://www.cprsouth.org/"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">http://www.cprsouth.org/</span></a></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; "><strong>Application deadline: 22 April 2016</strong></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; "><strong>Application guidelines</strong></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; "><a href="https://form.myjotform.com/60813291616555" target="_blank"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Applications should be submitted via this link</span></a> by 22 April 2016, and must contain the following:</p>
<ol style="text-align: justify; ">
<li>one-page curriculum vitae; and</li>
<li>one-page write-up outlining why you wish to become an African or Asia-Pacific based expert capable of contributing to ICT related policy and regulatory reform in the region</li>
</ol>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">Applicants’ <strong>write-ups and biographies should be in a single word document</strong>, and named: CPRsouth2016_YoungScholar_ApplicantLastName.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; "><strong><em>Kindly note:</em></strong><strong> Late applications and applications that do not conform to the prescribed format above will automatically be disqualified.</strong></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; "><strong>Review Criteria</strong></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">Applications will be reviewed according to the following criteria:</p>
<ol style="text-align: justify; ">
<li>content of application;</li>
<li>evidence of interest in, and commitment to, policy-relevant research for Africa or the Asia-Pacific region;</li>
<li>quality of writing; and</li>
<li>gender and country representation</li>
</ol>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">The selection committee may contact your supervisor or mentor before making the final selections.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">Candidates selected to participate in the tutorial programme must:</p>
<ul style="text-align: justify; ">
<li>provide a one-page research proposal <em>upon acceptance onto the tutorial programme</em></li>
<li>participate in all tutorial sessions</li>
<li>participate in the entire CPR<em>south</em> 2016 conference</li>
</ul>
<p style="text-align: justify; "><strong>Funding</strong></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">Selected young scholars who are passport holders of, and travelling from, low and middle income countries within the Asia Pacific and Africa (as classified by the World Bank http://data.worldbank.org/about/country-classifications/country-and-lending-groups#Low_income) will be provided with:</p>
<ul style="text-align: justify; ">
<li>lowest-cost economy airfare to conference destination (less USD 150 registration fee);</li>
<li>ground transfers between the conference venue and airport; and</li>
<li>twin sharing accommodation on bed and breakfast basis, 5 lunches and 1 dinner for the duration of the conference and tutorials (6 – 10 September 2016). <em>Not all meals are covered.</em></li>
</ul>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">The registration fee for young scholars to attend the conference and tutorials is USD150, and airfares will be reimbursed less this registration fee. Participants will be required to cover:</p>
<ul style="text-align: justify; ">
<li>transport to and from airports in their home countries;</li>
<li>visa fees (if any);</li>
<li>meals not provided; and</li>
<li>any other incidental costs</li>
</ul>
<p style="text-align: justify; "><em>As the registration fee is so low and should be met personally even if there is no institutional support for attendance of the course and conference, please note that only under exceptional circumstances of extreme financial hardship may the organisers consider a waiver of the conference registration fee. Such waivers will be considered on a case-by-case basis and only where a scholar would otherwise be prevented from attending the YS programme and conference.</em></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; "><strong>Visas</strong></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">Letters of invitation will be provided for purposes of visa applications after participant selections have been made. Participants are responsible for securing their own visas to enter Tanzania, and are strongly advised to initiate visa approval procedures immediately on receipt of confirmation of their participation.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">Kindly direct all enquiries to Ondine Bello: admin@researchictafrica.net orinfo@CPRsouth.org</p>
<p>
For more details visit <a href='http://editors.cis-india.org/internet-governance/news/cprsouth-2016-2013-young-scholars-programme'>http://editors.cis-india.org/internet-governance/news/cprsouth-2016-2013-young-scholars-programme</a>
</p>
No publisherpraskrishnaInternet GovernanceBig Data2016-05-30T02:01:21ZNews ItemConnected Trouble
http://editors.cis-india.org/internet-governance/blog/the-week-november-1-2015-sunil-abraham-connected-trouble
<b>The internet of things phenomenon is based on a paradigm shift from thinking of the internet merely as a means to connect individuals, corporations and other institutions to an internet where all devices in (insulin pumps and pacemakers), on (wearable technology) and around (domestic appliances and vehicles) humans beings are connected.</b>
<p>The guest column was published in <a class="external-link" href="http://www.theweek.in/columns/guest-columns/connected-trouble.html">the Week</a>, issue dated November 1, 2015.</p>
<hr />
<p>Proponents of IoT are clear that the network effects, efficiency gains, and scientific and technological progress unlocked would be unprecedented, much like the internet itself.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">Privacy and security are two sides of the same coin―you cannot have one without the other. The age of IoT is going to be less secure thanks to big data. Globally accepted privacy principles articulated in privacy and data protection laws across the world are in conflict with the big data ideology. As a consequence, the age of internet of things is going to be less stable, secure and resilient. Three privacy principles are violated by most IoT products and services.</p>
<h3 style="text-align: justify; ">Data minimisation</h3>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">According to this privacy principle, the less the personal information about the data subject that is collected and stored by the data controller, the more the data subject's right to privacy is protected. But, big data by definition requires more volume, more variety and more velocity and IoT products usually collect a lot of data, thereby multiplying risk.</p>
<h3 style="text-align: justify; ">Purpose limitation</h3>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">This privacy principle is a consequence of the data minimisation principle. If only the bare minimum of personal information is collected, then it can only be put to a limited number of uses. But, going beyond that would harm the data subject. IoT innovators and entrepreneurs are trying to rapidly increase features, efficiency gains and convenience. Therefore, they don't know what future purposes their technology will be put to tomorrow and, again by definition, resist the principle of purpose limitation.</p>
<h3 style="text-align: justify; ">Privacy by design</h3>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">Data protection regulation required that products and services be secure and protect privacy by design and not as a superficial afterthought. IoT products are increasingly being built by startups that are disrupting markets and taking down large technology incumbents. The trouble, however, is that most of these startups do not have sufficient internal security expertise and in their tearing hurry to take products to the market, many IoT products may not be comprehensively tested or audited from a privacy perspective.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">There are other cyber security principles and internet design principles that are disregarded by the IoT phenomenon, further compromising security and privacy of users.</p>
<h3 style="text-align: justify; ">Centralisation</h3>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">Most of the network effects that IoT products contribute to require centralisation of data collected from users and their devices. For instance, if users of a wearable physical activity tracker would like to use gamification to keep each other motivated during exercise, the vendor of that device has to collect and store information about all its users. Since some users always wear them, they become highly granular stores of data that can also be used to inflict privacy harms.<br /><br />Decentralisation was a key design principle when the internet was first built. The argument was that you can never take down a decentralised network by bombing any of the nodes. Unfortunately, because of the rise of internet monopolies like Google, the age of cloud computing, and the success of social media giants, the internet is increasingly becoming centralised and, therefore, is much more fragile than it used be. IoT is going to make this worse.</p>
<h3 style="text-align: justify; ">Complexity</h3>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">The more complex a particular technology is, the more fragile and vulnerable it is. This is not necessarily true but is usually the case given that more complex technology needs more quality control, more testing and more fixes. IoT technology raises complexity exponentially because the devices that are being connected are complex themselves and were not originally engineered to be connected to the internet. The networks they constitute are nothing like the internet which till now consisted of clients, web servers, chat servers, file servers and database servers, usually quite removed from the physical world. Compromised IoT devices, on the other hand, could be used to inflict direct harm on life and property.</p>
<h3 style="text-align: justify; ">Death of the air gap</h3>
<p style="text-align: justify; ">The things that will be connected to the internet were previously separated from the internet through the means of an air gap. This kept them secure but also less useful and usable. In other words, the very act of connecting devices that were previously unconnected will expose them to a range of attacks. Security and privacy related laws, standards, audits and enforcement measures are the best way to address these potential pitfalls. Governments, privacy commissioners and data protections authorities across the world need to act so that the privacy of people and the security of our information society are protected.</p>
<p>
For more details visit <a href='http://editors.cis-india.org/internet-governance/blog/the-week-november-1-2015-sunil-abraham-connected-trouble'>http://editors.cis-india.org/internet-governance/blog/the-week-november-1-2015-sunil-abraham-connected-trouble</a>
</p>
No publishersunilInternet GovernanceBig DataPrivacy2015-10-28T16:47:58ZBlog EntryComments on the Report of the Committee on Digital Payments (December 2016)
http://editors.cis-india.org/internet-governance/blog/comments-on-the-report-of-the-committee-on-digital-payments-dec-2016
<b>The Committee on Digital Payments constituted by the Ministry of Finance and chaired by Ratan P. Watal, Principal Advisor, NITI Aayog, submitted its report on the "Medium Term Recommendations to Strengthen Digital Payments Ecosystem" on December 09, 2016. The report was made public on December 27, and comments were sought from the general public. Here are the comments submitted by the Centre for Internet and Society.</b>
<p> </p>
<h3><strong>1. Preliminary</strong></h3>
<p><strong>1.1.</strong> This submission presents comments by the Centre for Internet and Society (“CIS”) <strong>[1]</strong> in response to the report of the Committee on Digital Payments, chaired by Mr. Ratan P. Watal, Principal Advisor, NITI Aayog, and constituted by the Ministry of Finance, Government of India (“the report”) <strong>[2]</strong>.</p>
<h3><strong>2. The Centre for Internet and Society</strong></h3>
<p><strong>2.1.</strong> The Centre for Internet and Society, CIS, is a non-profit organisation that undertakes interdisciplinary research on internet and digital technologies from policy and academic perspectives. The areas of focus include digital accessibility for persons with diverse abilities, access to knowledge, intellectual property rights, openness (including open data, free and open source software, open standards, and open access), internet governance, telecommunication reform, digital privacy, and cyber-security.</p>
<p><strong>2.2.</strong> CIS is not an expert organisation in the domain of banking in general and payments in particular. Our expertise is in matters of internet and communication governance, data privacy and security, and technology regulation. We deeply appreciate and are most inspired by the Ministry of Finance’s decision to invite entities from both the sectors of finance and information technology. This submission is consistent with CIS’ commitment to safeguarding general public interest, and the interests and rights of various stakeholders involved, especially the citizens and the users. CIS is thankful to the Ministry of Finance for this opportunity to provide a general response on the report.</p>
<h3><strong>3. Comments</strong></h3>
<p><strong>3.1.</strong> CIS observes that the decision by the Government of India to withdraw the legal tender character of the old high denomination banknotes (that is, Rs. 500 Rs. 1,000 notes), declared on November 08, 2016 <strong>[3]</strong>, have generated <strong>unprecedented data about the user base and transaction patterns of digital payments systems in India, when pushed to its extreme use due to the circumstances</strong>. The majority of this data is available with the National Payments Corporation of India and the Reserve Bank of India. CIS requests the authorities concerned to consider <strong>opening up this data for analysis and discussion by public at large and experts in particular, before any specific policy and regulatory decisions are taken</strong> towards advancing digital payments proliferation in India. This is a crucial opportunity for the Ministry of Finance to embrace (open) data-driven regulation and policy-making.</p>
<p><strong>3.2.</strong> While the report makes a reference to the European General Data Protection Directive, it does not make a reference to any substantive provisions in the Directive which may be relevant to digital payments. Aside from the recommendation that privacy protections around the purpose limitation principle be relaxed to ensure that payment service providers be allowed to process data to improve fraud monitoring and anti-money laundering services, the report is silent on significant privacy and data protection concerns posed by digital payments services. <strong>CIS strongly warns that the existing data protection and security regulations under Information Technology (Reasonable security practices and procedures and sensitive personal data or information), Rules are woefully inadequate in their scope and application to effectively deal with potential privacy concerns posed by digital payments applications and services.</strong> Some key privacy issues that must be addressed either under a comprehensive data protection legislation or a sector specific financial regulation are listed below. The process of obtaining consent must be specific, informed and unambiguous and through a clear affirmative action by the data subject based upon a genuine choice provided along with an option to opt out at any stage. The data subjects should have clear and easily enforceable right to access and correct their data. Further, data subjects should have the right to restrict the usage of their data in circumstances such as inaccuracy of data, unlawful purpose and data no longer required in order to fulfill the original purpose.</p>
<p><strong>3.3.</strong> The initial recommendation of the report is to “[m]ake regulation of payments independent from the function of central banking” (page 22). This involves a fundamental transformation of the payment and settlement system in India and its regulation. <strong>We submit that a decision regarding transformation of such scale and implications is taken after a more comprehensive policy discussion, especially involving a wider range of stakeholders</strong>. The report itself notes that “[d]igital payments also have the potential of becoming a gateway to other financial services such as credit facilities for small businesses and low-income households” (page 32). Thus, a clear functional, and hence regulatory, separation between the (digital) payments industry and the lending/borrowing industry may be either effective or desirable. Global experience tells us that digital transactions data, along with other alternative data, are fast becoming the basis of provision of financial and other services, by both banking and non-banking (payments) companies. We appeal to the Ministry of Finance to adopt a comprehensive and concerted approach to regulating, enabling competition, and upholding consumers’ rights in the banking sector at large.</p>
<p><strong>3.4.</strong> The report recognises “banking as an activity is separate from payments, which is more of a technology business” (page 154). Contemporary banking and payment businesses are both are primarily technology businesses where information technology particularly is deployed intimately to extract, process, and drive asset management decisions using financial transaction data. Further, with payment businesses (such as, pre-paid instruments) offering return on deposited money via other means (such as, cashbacks), and potentially competing and/or collaborating with established banks to use financial transaction data to drive lending decisions, including but not limited to micro-loans, it appears unproductive to create a separation between banking as an activity and payments as an activity merely in terms of the respective technology intensity of these sectors. <strong>CIS firmly recommends that regulation of these financial services and activities be undertaken in a technology-agnostic manner, and similar regulatory regimes be deployed on those entities offering similar services irrespective of their technology intensity or choice</strong>.</p>
<p><strong>3.5.</strong> The report highlights two major shortcomings of the current regulatory regime for payments. Firstly “the law does not impose any obligation on the regulator to promote competition and innovation in the payments market” (page 153). It appears to us that the regulator’s role should not be to promote market expansion and innovation but to ensure and oversee competition. <strong>We believe that the current regulator should focus on regulating the existing market, and the work of the expansion of the digital payments market in particular and the digital financial services market in general be carried out by another government agency, as it creates conflict of interest for the regulator otherwise.</strong> Secondly, the report mentions that Payment and Settlement Systems Act does not “focus the regulatory attention on the need for consumer protection in digital payments” and then it notes that a “provision was inserted to protect funds collected from customers” in 2015 (page 153). <strong>This indicates that the regulator already has the responsibility to ensure consumer protection in digital payments. The purview and modalities of how this function of course needs discussion and changes with the growth in digital payments</strong>.</p>
<p><strong>3.6.</strong> The report identifies the high cost of cash as a key reason for the government’s policy push towards digital payments. Further, it mentions that a “sample survey conducted in 2014 across urban and rural neighbourhoods in Delhi and Meerut, shows that despite being keenly aware of the costs associated with transacting in cash, most consumers see three main benefits of cash, viz. freedom of negotiations, faster settlements, and ensuring exact payments” (page 30). It further notes that “[d]igital payments have significant dependencies upon power and telecommunications infrastructure. Therefore, the roll out of robust and user friendly digital payments solutions to unelectrified areas/areas without telecommunications network coverage, remains a challenge.” <strong>CIS much appreciates the discussion of the barriers to universal adoption and rollout of digital payments in the report, and appeals to the Ministry of Finance to undertake a more comprehensive study of the key investments required by the Government of India to ensure that digital payments become ubiquitously viable as well as satisfy the demands of a vast range of consumers that India has</strong>. The estimates about investment required to create a robust digital payment infrastructure, cited in the report, provide a great basis for undertaking studies such as these.</p>
<p><strong>3.7.</strong> CIS is very encouraged to see the report highlighting that “[w]ith the rising number of users of digital payment services, it is absolutely necessary to develop consumer confidence on digital payments. Therefore, it is essential to have legislative safeguards to protect such consumers in-built into the primary law.” <strong>We second this recommendation and would like to add further that financial transaction data is governed under a common data protection and privacy regime, without making any differences between data collected by banking and non-banking entities</strong>.</p>
<p><strong>3.8.</strong> We are, however, very discouraged to see the overtly incorrect use of the word “Open Access” in this report in the context of a payment system disallowing service when the client wants to transact money with a specific entity <strong>[4]</strong>. This is not an uncommon anti-competitive measure adopted by various platform players and services providers so as to disallow users from using competing products (such as, not allowing competing apps in the app store controlled by one software company). <strong>The term “Open Access” is not only the appropriate word to describe the negation of such anti-competitive behaviour, its usage in this context undermines its accepted meaning and creates confusion regarding the recommendation being proposed by the report.</strong> The closest analogy to the recommendation of the report would perhaps be with the principle of “network neutrality” that stands for the network provider not discriminating between data packets being processed by them, either in terms of price or speed.</p>
<p><strong>3.9.</strong> A major recommendation by the report involves creation of “a fund from savings generated from cash-less transactions … by the Central Government,” which will use “the trinity of JAM (Jan Dhan, Adhaar, Mobile) [to] link financial inclusion with social protection, contributing to improved Social and Financial Security and Inclusion of vulnerable groups/ communities” (page 160-161). <strong>This amounts to making Aadhaar a mandatory ID for financial inclusion of citizens, especially the marginal and vulnerable ones, and is in direct contradiction to the government’s statements regarding the optional nature of the Aadhaar ID, as well as the orders by the Supreme Court on this topic</strong>.</p>
<p><strong>3.10.</strong> The report recommends that “Aadhaar should be made the primary identification for KYC with the option of using other IDs for people who have not yet obtained Aadhaar” (page 163) and further that “Aadhaar eKYC and eSign should be a replacement for paper based, costly, and shared central KYC registries” (page 162). <strong>Not only these measures would imply making Aadhaar a mandatory ID for undertaking any legal activity in the country, they assume that the UIDAI has verified and audited the personal documents submitted by Aadhaar number holders during enrollment.</strong> A mandate for <em>replacement</em> of the paper-based central KYC agencies will only remove a much needed redundancy in the the identity verification infrastructure of the government.</p>
<p><strong>3.11.</strong> The report suggests that “[t]ransactions which are permitted in cash without KYC should also be permitted on prepaid wallets without KYC” (page 164-165). This seems to negate the reality that physical verification of a person remains one of the most authoritative identity verification process for a natural person, apart from DNA testing perhaps. <strong>Thus, establishing full equivalency of procedure between a presence-less transaction and one involving a physically present person making the payment will only amount to removal of relatively greater security precautions for the former, and will lead to possibilities of fraud</strong>.</p>
<p><strong>3.12.</strong> In continuation with the previous point, the report recommends promotion of “Aadhaar based KYC where PAN has not been obtained” and making of “quoting Aadhaar compulsory in income tax return for natural persons” (page 163). Both these measures imply a replacement of the PAN by Aadhaar in the long term, and a sharp reduction in growth of new PAN holders in the short term. <strong>We appeal for this recommendation to be reconsidered as integration of all functionally separate national critical information infrastructures (such as PAN and Aadhaar) into a single unified and centralised system (such as Aadhaar) engenders massive national and personal security threats</strong>.</p>
<p><strong>3.13.</strong> The report suggest the establishment of “a ranking and reward framework” to recognise and encourage for the best performing state/district/agency in the proliferation of digital payments. <strong>It appears to us that creation of such a framework will only lead to making of an environment of competition among these entities concerned, which apart from its benefits may also have its costs. For example, the incentivisation of quick rollout of digital payment avenues by state government and various government agencies may lead to implementation without sufficient planning, coordination with stakeholders, and precautions regarding data security and privacy</strong>. The provision of central support for digital payments should be carried out in an environment of cooperation and not competition.</p>
<p><strong>3.14.</strong> CIS welcomes the recommendation by the report to generate greater awareness about cost of cash, including by ensuring that “large merchants including government agencies should account and disclose the cost of cash collection and cash payments incurred by them periodically” (page 164). It, however, is not clear to whom such periodic disclosures should be made. <strong>We would like to add here that the awareness building must simultaneously focus on making public how different entities shoulder these costs. Further, for reasons of comparison and evidence-driven policy making, it is necessary that data for equivalent variables are also made open for digital payments - the total and disaggregate cost, and what proportion of these costs are shouldered by which entities</strong>.</p>
<p><strong>3.15.</strong> The report acknowledges that “[t]oday, most merchants do not accept digital payments” and it goes on to recommend “that the Government should seize the initiative and require all government agencies and merchants where contracts are awarded by the government to provide at-least one suitable digital payment option to its consumers and vendors” (page 165). This requirement for offering digital payment option will only introduce an additional economic barrier for merchants bidding for government contracts. <strong>We appeal to the Ministry of Finance to reconsider this approach of raising the costs of non-digital payments to incentivise proliferation of digital payments, and instead lower the existing economic and other barriers to digital payments that keep the merchants away</strong>. The adoption of digital payments must not lead to increasing costs for merchants and end-users, but must decrease the same instead.</p>
<p><strong>3.16.</strong> As the report was submitted on December 09, 2016, and was made public only on December 27, 2016, <strong>it would have been much appreciated if at least a month-long window was provided to study and comment on the report, instead of fifteen days</strong>. This is especially crucial as the recently implemented demonetisation and the subsequent banking and fiscal policy decisions taken by the government have rapidly transformed the state and dynamics of the payments system landscape in India in general, and digital payments in particular.</p>
<h3><strong>Endnotes</strong></h3>
<p><strong>[1]</strong> See: <a href="http://cis-india.org/">http://cis-india.org/</a>.</p>
<p><strong>[2]</strong> See: <a href="http://finmin.nic.in/reports/Note-watal-report.pdf">http://finmin.nic.in/reports/Note-watal-report.pdf</a> and <a href="http://finmin.nic.in/reports/watal_report271216.pdf">http://finmin.nic.in/reports/watal_report271216.pdf</a>.</p>
<p><strong>[3]</strong> See: <a href="http://finmin.nic.in/cancellation_high_denomination_notes.pdf">http://finmin.nic.in/cancellation_high_denomination_notes.pdf</a>.</p>
<p><strong>[4]</strong> Open Access refers to “free and unrestricted online availability” of scientific and non-scientific literature. See: <a href="http://www.budapestopenaccessinitiative.org/read">http://www.budapestopenaccessinitiative.org/read</a>.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>
For more details visit <a href='http://editors.cis-india.org/internet-governance/blog/comments-on-the-report-of-the-committee-on-digital-payments-dec-2016'>http://editors.cis-india.org/internet-governance/blog/comments-on-the-report-of-the-committee-on-digital-payments-dec-2016</a>
</p>
No publisherSumandro Chattapadhyay and Amber SinhaUIDDigital IDBig DataDigital EconomyDigital AccessPrivacyDigital SecurityData RevolutionDigital PaymentInternet GovernanceDigital IndiaData ProtectionDemonetisationHomepageFeaturedAadhaar2017-01-12T12:32:22ZBlog EntryCISxScholars Delhi - Harsh Gupta - FAT ML for Lawyers and Lawmakers (June 29, 5:30 pm)
http://editors.cis-india.org/raw/cisxscholars-harsh-gupta-machine-learning-for-lawyers-and-lawmakers-20170629
<b>We are proud to announce that Harsh Gupta will discuss "FAT ML (Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency in Machine Learning) for Lawyers and Lawmakers" at the CIS office in Delhi on Thursday, June 29, at 5:30 pm. This will be a two and half hour session: beginning with a 45 minute talk, followed by 15 minute break, another talk for 45 minutes, and then a discussion session. Please RSVP if you are joining us: <raw@cis-india.org>. </b>
<p> </p>
<p><em>CISxScholars are informal events organised by CIS for presentation, discussion, and exchange of academic research and policy analysis.</em></p>
<hr />
<h3><strong>FAT ML (Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency in Machine Learning) for Lawyers and Lawmakers</strong></h3>
<p>From tagging people in photos to determining risk of loan defaults, use of data based tools is affecting more and areas of our lives. In some areas there have been very successful applications of such tools, in others areas they has been found to not only reflect the existing bias and discrimination found in today's society but also exaggerate it.</p>
<h3><strong>Harsh Gupta</strong></h3>
<p>Harsh Gupta is a recent graduate from IIT Kharagpur with B.Sc and M.Sc in Mathematics and Computing and will be joining JP Morgan and Chase as a data scientist. He completed his master's thesis in "Discrimination Aware Machine Learning". He was also an intern at The Center for Internet and Society during summer of 2016.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>
For more details visit <a href='http://editors.cis-india.org/raw/cisxscholars-harsh-gupta-machine-learning-for-lawyers-and-lawmakers-20170629'>http://editors.cis-india.org/raw/cisxscholars-harsh-gupta-machine-learning-for-lawyers-and-lawmakers-20170629</a>
</p>
No publishersumandroFAT MLCISxScholarsBig DataMachine LearningResearchers at WorkEventArtificial Intelligence2017-06-27T09:16:48ZEventCFI-ACCION - Panel Discussion on 'Big Data: Challenge or Opportunity?' (Delhi, December 06)
http://editors.cis-india.org/internet-governance/news/cfi-accion-panel-discussion-on-big-data-delhi-dec-06
<b>The Centre for Financial Inclusion of ACCION International is organising a panel discussion on "Big Data: Challenge or Opportunity?" as an associated event of the Inclusive Finance India Summit 2016, Hotel Ashok, Delhi, December 05-06. The discussion will be held at 12:30 on Tuesday, December 06. It will be moderated by Amy Jensen Mowl, CFI Fellow at IFMR, and M.S. Sriram, Distinguished Fellow at the Institute for Development of Research in Banking Technology. Sumandro Chattapadhyay will participate as a panelist.</b>
<p> </p>
<h4>Inclusive Finance India Summit: <a href="http://inclusivefinanceindia.org/">http://inclusivefinanceindia.org/</a>.</h4>
<hr />
<img src="https://github.com/cis-india/website/raw/master/img/CFI-ACCION_Discussion-Poster_20161206.jpg" />
<p> </p>
<p>
For more details visit <a href='http://editors.cis-india.org/internet-governance/news/cfi-accion-panel-discussion-on-big-data-delhi-dec-06'>http://editors.cis-india.org/internet-governance/news/cfi-accion-panel-discussion-on-big-data-delhi-dec-06</a>
</p>
No publishersumandroFinancial TechnologyBig DataData SystemsBig Data for DevelopmentFinancial InclusionResearchers at Work2019-03-16T04:41:52ZBlog Entry